半閉前不圓唇元音
外觀
(重新導向自IPA e)
半閉前不圓唇元音 | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA編號 | 302 |
編碼 | |
HTML碼(十進制) | e |
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA音標 | e |
ASCII音標 | e |
IPA盲文 | |
音頻範例 | |
國際音標:元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇/圓唇。 |
半閉前不圓唇元音是母音的一種,國際音標以⟨e⟩代表此音,而X-SAMPA音標也以⟨e⟩代表此音。
特徵
[編輯]- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
見於
[編輯]語言 | 詞彙 | 國際音標 | 意義 | 註釋 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南非語 | 標準音 | bed | [bet] | 床 | 一般記作⟨ɛ⟩。元音高度介於半閉[e]和中元音[ɛ̝]間。參見南非語音系 |
阿拉伯語 | 標準音 | مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/maǧreehaa | [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] | 參見阿拉伯語音系 | |
阿塞拜疆語 | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 夜 | ||
巴伐利亞語 | 阿姆施泰滕縣方言[1] | [比如?] | |||
布列塔尼亞語[2] | daneg | [ˈdãːnek] | 丹麥語 | 非重讀的/ɛ/可以是中元音[ɛ̝]或半閉元音[e]。[2] | |
加泰羅尼亞語[3] | més | [mes] | 更多 | 參見加泰羅尼亞語音系 | |
漢語 | 上海話[4] | 该/kè | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 應該 | 次前元音;/ɛ/在開音節的實現。語音學上和只出現在開音節的/ɪ/ ([ɪ̞])相近。[4] |
壯語 | 全部方言 | geq | [ke2] | 老 | 部分地方開口較大,讀[ɛ] |
泰語 | 標準音 | เก็บ | [kep] | 撿,收 | |
丹麥語 | 標準音[5][6] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 踵 | 一般記作⟨ɛː⟩。參見丹麥語音系 |
荷蘭語 | 比利時荷蘭語[7] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 奇怪 | 荷蘭常裂化為[eɪ]。參見荷蘭語音系 |
英語 | 澳大利亞英語[8] | bed | [bed] | 床 | 參見澳大利亞英語 |
新西蘭英語[9] | 元音高度介於白讀的半閉和文讀的中元音間。[9]參見新西蘭英語 | ||||
美國英語[10] | may | [meː] | 也許 | 更多時候是閉雙元音[eɪ]。[10] | |
印度英語[11] | |||||
巴基斯坦英語[12] | 可以是雙元音[eɪ],取決於使用者。 | ||||
喬迪[13] | |||||
蘇格蘭英語[14] | |||||
新加坡英語[15] | |||||
烏爾斯特英語[16] | 在貝爾法斯特讀作[ɛː~iə]。 | ||||
一些加的夫方言使用者[17] | square | [skweː] | 廣場 | 更多時候是半開元音[ɛː]。[17] | |
約克郡方言[18] | play | [ple̞ː] | 玩 | ||
蘇格蘭英語[14] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 比特 | 次前元音,[14]對於其他使用者可能是[ɪ] (或[ə])。 | |
考克尼[19] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 鳥 | 次前;/ɜː/的有條件實現。可能是圓唇[œ̝ː]或更常見的展唇央元音[ɜ̝ː]。[19]一般記作⟨ɜː⟩。 | |
愛沙尼亞語[20] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 身體 | 參見愛沙尼亞語音系 | |
法語[21][22] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 美 | 參見法語音系 | |
德語 | 標準音[23][24] | Seele | ⓘ | 靈魂 | 參見標準德語音系 |
許多使用者[25] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 獵人 | /ɛː–eː/合流的輸出,常見於德國東北部、東奧地利(甚至正式體)以及一些其他地區。[25]參見標準德語音系 | |
南部口音[26] | Bett | [b̥et] | 床 | /ɛ/在德國南部、瑞士和奧地利的通常實現。[26]參見標準德語音系 | |
施瓦本口音[26] | 和半開元音[ɛ]對立。[26]參見標準德語音系 | ||||
現代希臘語 | 斯法基翁方言[27] | [比如?] | 和現代標準希臘語中元音[e̞]對應。[28]參見現代希臘語音系 | ||
希伯來語[29] | כן/ken | [ke̞n] | 對 | 希伯來語元音是不會被寫下的,參見現代希伯來語音系 | |
匈牙利語[30] | hét | [heːt̪] | 七 | 也被描寫為中元音[e̞ː]。[31]參見匈牙利語音系 | |
意大利語 | 標準音[32] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 星(複數) | 參見意大利語音系 |
韓語 | 메아리 / meari | [meɐɾi] | 回音 | 參見韓語音系 | |
林堡語 | 主要方言[33][34][35] | leef | [leːf] | 鹿 | 例詞來自馬斯特里赫特方言 |
立陶宛語 | tėtė | [t̪eːt̪eː] | 父親 | 'Tete'和'tėtis'比'tėtė'更常用。 | |
挪威語 | le | [leː] | 笑 | 例詞來自東部城區挪威語。[36][37]參見挪威語音系 | |
波斯語 | سه/se | [se] | 三 | ||
波蘭語[38] | dzień | ⓘ | 一天 | /ɛ/在硬顎音或顎化音間的同位異音。參見波蘭語音系 | |
葡萄牙語[39] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 桌子 | 參見葡萄牙語音系 | |
俄語[40] | шея/sheja/sheya | ⓘ | 脖子 | 在軟輔音前和軟輔音間是半閉元音[e],軟輔音後是中元音[e̞]。[40]參見俄語音系 | |
薩特弗里西亞語[41] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 瘦 | 次前;一般記作⟨ɛː⟩。語音學上和/ɪ/ ([ɪ̞])相近。一般記作⟨eː⟩實際上是次閉元音[e̝ː]。[41] | |
斯洛文尼亞語[42] | sedem | [ˈsèːdəm] | 七 | 參見斯洛文尼亞語音系 | |
塞索托語[43] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 告訴 | 閉、次閉、半閉前展唇元音對立。[43]參見塞索托語音系 | |
瑞典語 | 標準音[44][45] | se | [s̪eː] | 看 | 常裂化為[eə̯] (hear the word: ⓘ)。參見瑞典語音系 |
大溪地語 | vahine | [vahine] | 女人 | ||
威爾斯語 | chwech | [χweːχ] | 六 | 參見威爾斯語音系 | |
約魯巴語[46] | [比如?] |
註釋
[編輯]- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290頁)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Ternes (1992),第433頁.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),第54頁.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015),第328頁.
- ^ Grønnum (1998),第100頁.
- ^ Basbøll (2005),第45頁.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005),第245頁.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Gordon & Maclagan (2004),第609頁.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Wells (1982),第487頁.
- ^ Wells (1982),第626頁.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004),第1010頁.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003),第268–269頁.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),第7頁.
- ^ Deterding (2000),第?頁.
- ^ Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland (PDF). [2021-01-10]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-01-12).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Collins & Mees (1990),第95頁.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999),第179頁.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Wells (1982),第305頁.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009),第368頁.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993),第73頁.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013),第225頁.
- ^ Kohler (1999),第87頁.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34頁.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64–65頁.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64頁.
- ^ Trudgill (2009),第83–84頁.
- ^ Trudgill (2009),第81頁.
- ^ Laufer (1999),第98頁.
- ^ Kráľ (1988),第92頁.
- ^ Szende (1994),第92頁.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),第119頁.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),第159頁.
- ^ Peters (2006),第119頁.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007),第221頁.
- ^ Vanvik (1979),第13-14頁.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005),第4頁.
- ^ Jassem (2003),第106頁.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91頁.
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Jones & Ward (1969),第41, 44頁.
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Peters (2019),第?頁.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999),第137頁.
- ^ 43.0 43.1 Doke & Mofokeng (1974),第?頁.
- ^ Engstrand (1999),第140頁.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007),第9頁.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966),第166頁.
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