半闭前不圆唇元音
外观
(重定向自IPA eː)
半闭前不圆唇元音 | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA编号 | 302 |
编码 | |
HTML码(十进制) | e |
Unicode码(十六进制) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA音标 | e |
ASCII音标 | e |
IPA盲文 | ![]() |
音频范例 | |
国际音标:元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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表内成对的元音分别为不圆唇/圆唇。 |
半闭前不圆唇元音是母音的一种,国际音标以⟨e⟩代表此音,而X-SAMPA音标也以⟨e⟩代表此音。
特征
[编辑]- 其圆唇度为不圆唇元音,嘴唇自然放松,不特别向前突起。
见于
[编辑]语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南非语 | 标准音 | bed | [bet] | 床 | 一般记作⟨ɛ⟩。元音高度介于半闭[e]和中元音[ɛ̝]间。参见南非语音系 |
阿拉伯语 | 标准音 | مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/maǧreehaa | [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] | 参见阿拉伯语音系 | |
阿塞拜疆语 | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 夜 | ||
巴伐利亚语 | 阿姆施泰滕县方言[1] | [比如?] | |||
布列塔尼亚语[2] | daneg | [ˈdãːnek] | 丹麦语 | 非重读的/ɛ/可以是中元音[ɛ̝]或半闭元音[e]。[2] | |
加泰罗尼亚语[3] | més | [mes] | 更多 | 参见加泰罗尼亚语音系 | |
汉语 | 上海话[4] | 该/kè | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 应该 | 次前元音;/ɛ/在开音节的实现。语音学上和只出现在开音节的/ɪ/ ([ɪ̞])相近。[4] |
壮语 | 全部方言 | geq | [ke2] | 老 | 部分地方开口较大,读[ɛ] |
泰语 | 标准音 | เก็บ | [kep] | 捡,收 | |
丹麦语 | 标准音[5][6] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 踵 | 一般记作⟨ɛː⟩。参见丹麦语音系 |
荷兰语 | 比利时荷兰语[7] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 奇怪 | 荷兰常裂化为[eɪ]。参见荷兰语音系 |
英语 | 澳大利亚英语[8] | bed | [bed] | 床 | 参见澳大利亚英语 |
新西兰英语[9] | 元音高度介于白读的半闭和文读的中元音间。[9]参见新西兰英语 | ||||
美国英语[10] | may | [meː] | 也许 | 更多时候是闭双元音[eɪ]。[10] | |
印度英语[11] | |||||
巴基斯坦英语[12] | 可以是双元音[eɪ],取决于使用者。 | ||||
乔迪[13] | |||||
苏格兰英语[14] | |||||
新加坡英语[15] | |||||
乌尔斯特英语[16] | 在贝尔法斯特读作[ɛː~iə]。 | ||||
一些加的夫方言使用者[17] | square | [skweː] | 广场 | 更多时候是半开元音[ɛː]。[17] | |
约克郡方言[18] | play | [ple̞ː] | 玩 | ||
苏格兰英语[14] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 比特 | 次前元音,[14]对于其他使用者可能是[ɪ] (或[ə])。 | |
考克尼[19] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 鸟 | 次前;/ɜː/的有条件实现。可能是圆唇[œ̝ː]或更常见的展唇央元音[ɜ̝ː]。[19]一般记作⟨ɜː⟩。 | |
爱沙尼亚语[20] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 身体 | 参见爱沙尼亚语音系 | |
法语[21][22] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 美 | 参见法语音系 | |
德语 | 标准音[23][24] | Seele | ⓘ | 灵魂 | 参见标准德语音系 |
许多使用者[25] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 猎人 | /ɛː–eː/合流的输出,常见于德国东北部、东奥地利(甚至正式体)以及一些其他地区。[25]参见标准德语音系 | |
南部口音[26] | Bett | [b̥et] | 床 | /ɛ/在德国南部、瑞士和奥地利的通常实现。[26]参见标准德语音系 | |
施瓦本口音[26] | 和半开元音[ɛ]对立。[26]参见标准德语音系 | ||||
现代希腊语 | 斯法基翁方言[27] | [比如?] | 和现代标准希腊语中元音[e̞]对应。[28]参见现代希腊语音系 | ||
希伯来语[29] | כן/ken | [ke̞n] | 对 | 希伯来语元音是不会被写下的,参见现代希伯来语音系 | |
匈牙利语[30] | hét | [heːt̪] | 七 | 也被描写为中元音[e̞ː]。[31]参见匈牙利语音系 | |
意大利语 | 标准音[32] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 星(复数) | 参见意大利语音系 |
韩语 | 메아리 / meari | [meɐɾi] | 回音 | 参见韩语音系 | |
林堡语 | 主要方言[33][34][35] | leef | [leːf] | 鹿 | 例词来自马斯特里赫特方言 |
立陶宛语 | tėtė | [t̪eːt̪eː] | 父亲 | 'Tete'和'tėtis'比'tėtė'更常用。 | |
挪威语 | le | [leː] | 笑 | 例词来自东部城区挪威语。[36][37]参见挪威语音系 | |
波斯语 | سه/se | [se] | 三 | ||
波兰语[38] | dzień | ⓘ | 一天 | /ɛ/在硬颚音或颚化音间的同位异音。参见波兰语音系 | |
葡萄牙语[39] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 桌子 | 参见葡萄牙语音系 | |
俄语[40] | шея/sheja/sheya | ⓘ | 脖子 | 在软辅音前和软辅音间是半闭元音[e],软辅音后是中元音[e̞]。[40]参见俄语音系 | |
萨特弗里西亚语[41] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 瘦 | 次前;一般记作⟨ɛː⟩。语音学上和/ɪ/ ([ɪ̞])相近。一般记作⟨eː⟩实际上是次闭元音[e̝ː]。[41] | |
斯洛文尼亚语[42] | sedem | [ˈsèːdəm] | 七 | 参见斯洛文尼亚语音系 | |
塞索托语[43] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 告诉 | 闭、次闭、半闭前展唇元音对立。[43]参见塞索托语音系 | |
瑞典语 | 标准音[44][45] | se | [s̪eː] | 看 | 常裂化为[eə̯] (hear the word: ⓘ)。参见瑞典语音系 |
塔希提语 | vahine | [vahine] | 女人 | ||
威尔士语 | chwech | [χweːχ] | 六 | 参见威尔士语音系 | |
约鲁巴语[46] | [比如?] |
注释
[编辑]- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290页)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Ternes (1992),第433页.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),第54页.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015),第328页.
- ^ Grønnum (1998),第100页.
- ^ Basbøll (2005),第45页.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005),第245页.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Gordon & Maclagan (2004),第609页.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Wells (1982),第487页.
- ^ Wells (1982),第626页.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004),第1010页.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003),第268–269页.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),第7页.
- ^ Deterding (2000),第?页.
- ^ Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland (PDF). [2021-01-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-12).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Collins & Mees (1990),第95页.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999),第179页.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Wells (1982),第305页.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009),第368页.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993),第73页.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013),第225页.
- ^ Kohler (1999),第87页.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第34页.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64–65页.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64页.
- ^ Trudgill (2009),第83–84页.
- ^ Trudgill (2009),第81页.
- ^ Laufer (1999),第98页.
- ^ Kráľ (1988),第92页.
- ^ Szende (1994),第92页.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),第119页.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),第159页.
- ^ Peters (2006),第119页.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007),第221页.
- ^ Vanvik (1979),第13-14页.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005),第4页.
- ^ Jassem (2003),第106页.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91页.
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Jones & Ward (1969),第41, 44页.
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Peters (2019),第?页.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999),第137页.
- ^ 43.0 43.1 Doke & Mofokeng (1974),第?页.
- ^ Engstrand (1999),第140页.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007),第9页.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966),第166页.
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