鼻鼾：修订间差异

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{{see also|睡眠呼吸中止症}}
{{see also|睡眠呼吸中止症}}
'''鼻鼾'''（英語：Snorning）是呼吸系統的結構震動而產生的聲音，原因是[[睡覺]]時[[呼吸]]被阻擋。在一些情況下聲音較輕，但一般情況下都是嘈吵及煩人的。鼻鼾同時可能是[[睡眠窒息症]]的第一個警號。研究指出鼻鼾是[[睡眠不足]]的一項因素。
'''鼻鼾'''（英語：Snorning）是呼吸系統的結構震動而產生的聲音，原因是[[睡覺]]時[[呼吸]]被阻擋。在一些情況下聲音較輕，但一般情況下都是嘈吵及煩人的。鼻鼾同時可能是[[睡眠窒息症]]的第一個警號。研究指出鼻鼾是[[睡眠不足]]的一項因素。
'''Snoring''' is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during [[breath]]ing while [[sleep]]ing. In some cases, the sound may be soft, but in most cases, it can be loud and unpleasant. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of [[obstructive sleep apnea]] (OSA). Research suggests that snoring is one of the factors of [[sleep deprivation]].
{{Trans H}}
==Signs and symptoms==
Snoring is known to cause [[sleep deprivation]] to snorers and those around them, as well as daytime [[drowsiness]], [[irritability]], lack of [[focusing|focus]] and decreased [[libido]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luboshitzky |first=Rafael |author2=Ariel Aviv |author3=Aya Hefetz |author4=Paula Herer |author5=Zila Shen-Orr |author6=Lena Lavie |author7=Peretz Lavie |date=March 23, 2002 |title= Decreased Pituitary-Gonadal Secreti |issue=7 |pages=3394–3398 |url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/7/3394 |accessdate=2007-07-03 |quote=Decreased libido is frequently reported in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). |pmid=12107256 |doi=10.1210/jc.87.7.3394 |journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=87}}</ref> It has also been suggested that it can cause significant psychological and social damage to sufferers.<ref>{{cite news |date=1999-01-12 |title=The effect of surgery upon the quality of life in snoring patients and their partners: a between-subjects case-controlled trial |publisher=M.W.J. Armstrong, C.L. Wallace & J. Marais, Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences 24 6 Page 510 |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00307.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28snor*%29}}</ref> Multiple studies reveal a positive correlation between loud snoring and risk of [[Heart Attack|heart attack]] (about +34% chance) and stroke (about +67% chance).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7272651.stm | work=BBC News | title=Snoring 'linked to heart disease' | date=2008-03-01 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>


Though snoring is often considered a minor affliction, snorers can sometimes suffer severe impairment of lifestyle. The between-subjects trial by Armstrong ''et al.'' discovered a statistically significant improvement in marital relations after snoring was surgically corrected. This was confirmed by evidence from Gall et al.,<ref>{{cite news |year=1993 |title= Quality of life in mild obstructive sleep apnea |publisher=Gall, R., Isaac, L., Kryger, M. (1993) Sleep, 16, S59 S61}}</ref> Cartwright and Knight<ref>{{cite news |year=1987 |title= Silent partners: the wives of sleep apneic patients |publisher=Cartwright, R.D. & Knight, S. (1987) Sleep, 10, 244 248.}}</ref> and Fitzpatrick et al.<ref>{{cite news |year=1993 |title=Snoring, asthma and sleep disturbance in Britain: a community-based survey |publisher=Fitzpatrick, M.F., Martin, K., Fossey, E et al. (1993) Eur. Respir. J. 69, 531 535}}</ref>

New studies associate loud "snoring" with the development of [[Carotid artery stenosis|carotid artery]] [[atherosclerosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=SA |author2=TC Amis |author3=K Byth |author4=G Larcos |author5=K Kairaitis |author6=TD Robinson |author7=JR Wheatley |title=Heavy snoring as a cause of carotid artery atherosclerosis |journal=Sleep |volume=31 |pages=1207–1213 |date=September 2008 |publisher=Associated Professional Sleep Societies |issn=0161-8105 |pmid=18788645 |issue=9 |pmc=2542975}}</ref> Amatoury ''et al.''<ref name="Bethesda 1985">{{cite journal|last1=Amatoury|first1=J|last2=Howitt|first2=L|last3=Wheatley|first3=JR|last4=Avolio|first4=AP|last5=Amis|first5=TC|title=Snoring-related energy transmission to the carotid artery in rabbits.|journal=Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)|date=May 2006|volume=100|issue=5|pages=1547–53|pmid=16455812|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.01439.2005}}</ref> demonstrated that snoring vibrations are transmitted to the [[Internal carotid artery|carotid artery]], identifying a possible mechanism for snoring-associated carotid artery damage and [[Atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic plaque]] development. These researchers also found amplification of the snoring energy within the carotid lumen at certain frequencies, adding to this scenario. Vibration of the carotid artery with snoring also lends itself as a potential mechanism for atherosclerotic plaque rupture and consequently [[Stroke|ischemic stroke]].<ref name="Bethesda 1985"/> Researchers also hypothesize that loud snoring could create turbulence in carotid artery blood flow.<ref>{{cite web | title = Snoring: A Precursor to Medical Issues | url = https://www.snorerx.com/Snoring-Precursor-to-Medical-Issues.pdf | website = Stop Snoring Device | format = PDF | access-date = 28 June 2016 }}</ref> Generally speaking, increased turbulence irritates blood cells and has previously been implicated as a cause of [[atherosclerosis]]. While there is plausibility and initial evidence to support snoring as an independent source of carotid artery/cardiovascular disease, additional research is required to further clarify this hypothesis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Amatoury|first1=Jason|title=Health Check: is snoring anything to worry about?|url=https://theconversation.com/health-check-is-snoring-anything-to-worry-about-68142|website=The Conversation|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref>

A U.S. study estimates that roughly one in every 15 Americans is affected by at least a moderate degree of sleep apnea.<ref>{{cite web | title = That Statistics of Sleep Apnea | url = http://www.sleepdisordersguide.com/article/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea-statistics-the-statistics-of-sleep-apnea | website = Sleep Disorders Guide | access-date = 28 June 2016 }}</ref>

==Causes==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}}
In Layman's terms, snoring is the result of the relaxation of the [[uvula]] and [[soft palate]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = 100 Questions & Answers About Sleep And Sleep Disorders|last = Chokroverty|first = Sudhansu|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning|year = 2007|isbn = 0763741205|location = |pages = 124}}</ref> These tissues can relax enough to partially block the airway, resulting in irregular airflow and vibrations.<ref name="mayo">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/snoring/basics/causes/con-20031874 |title=Snoring Causes |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=26 April 2015 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> Snoring can be attributed to one or more of the following:
* Throat weakness, causing the throat to close during sleep.<ref name="unimaryland">{{cite web |url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/obstructive-sleep-apnea |title=Obstructive sleep apnea |publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center |date=19 September 2012 |website=University of Maryland |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
* Mispositioned jaw, often caused by tension in the muscles.<ref name="mayo" />
* [[Obesity]] that has caused [[Adipose tissue|fat]] to gather in and around the throat.<ref name="unimaryland" />
* Obstruction in the nasal passageway.<ref name="mayo" />
* [[Obstructive sleep apnea]].<ref name="mayo" />
* Sleep deprivation.<ref name="mayo" />
* Relaxants such as [[alcohol]] or other [[drug]]s relaxing throat muscles.<ref name="mayo" />
* Sleeping on one's back, which may result in the tongue dropping to the back of the mouth.<ref name="mayo" />

==Treatment==
So far, there is no certain treatment that can completely stop snoring. Almost all treatments for snoring revolve around lessening the breathing discomfort by clearing the blockage in the air passage. Medications are usually not helpful in treating snoring symptoms, though they can help control some of the underlying causes such as nasal congestion and allergic reactions. Doctors, therefore, often recommend lifestyle changes as a first line treatment to stop snoring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medical-reference.net/2013/09/how-to-stop-snoring-causes-remedies.html|publisher = Medical-Reference|title = How to Stop Snoring: Causes, Cures, and Remedies|accessdate= 26 September 2016}}</ref> This is the reason snorers are advised to [[weight loss|lose weight]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleepassociation.org/snoring/|publisher = American Sleep Association|title = Snoring - Facts and myths|accessdate= 25 July 2016}}</ref> (to stop fat from pressing on the throat), stop [[smoking]] (smoking weakens and clogs the throat), avoid alcohol and sedative medications before bedtime (they relax the throat and tongue muscles, which in turn narrow the airways)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072458/|publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine — Pubmed Health|title = Obstructive sleep apnea: Overview|accessdate= 26 September 2016}}</ref> and sleep on their side (to prevent the tongue from blocking the throat).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thedozyowl.co.uk/how-to-stop-snoring/|publisher = The Dozy Owl|title = How To Stop Snoring|accessdate= 8 September 2016}}</ref>

A number of other treatment options are also used to stop snoring. These range from over-the-counter aids such as nasal sprays, [[nasal strip]]s or nose clips, lubricating sprays, [[oral appliance]]s and "anti-snore" clothing and pillows, to unusual activities such as playing the [[didgeridoo]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-12-23 |title=Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |publisher=British Medical Journal |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7536/266}}</ref> However, one needs to be wary of over-the-counter snore treatments that have no scientific evidence to support their claims, such as stop-snore rings or wrist worn electrical stimulation bands.

===Orthopedic pillows===

[[Orthopedic pillow|Orthopedic pillows]] are the least intrusive option for reducing snoring. These pillows are designed to support the head and neck in a way that ensures the jaw stays open and slightly forward. This helps keep the airways unrestricted as possible and in turn leads to a small reduction in snoring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libvita.com/anti-snoring-pillow-142.html |title=Anti-Snoring Pillows: Can They Help With Snoring? |accessdate=2016-01-20}}</ref>

===Dental appliances===
[[File:Avance mandibular.jpg|thumb|One style of mandibular advancement splint]]

Specially made dental appliances called [[mandibular advancement splint]]s, which advance the lower jaw slightly and thereby pull the tongue forward, are a common mode of treatment for snoring. Such appliances have been proven to be effective in reducing snoring and [[sleep apnea]] in cases where the [[apnea]] is mild to moderate.<ref name="AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED">[http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/161/2/420.full.pdf], Henke,Frantz AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 2000;161:420–425.</ref> Mandibular advancement splints are often tolerated much better than [[Continuous positive airway pressure|CPAP]] machines.<ref>"Comparative Study of '''Oral Devices''' for Snoring" [http://www.cda.org/Library/cda_member/pubs/journal/jour898/devices.html], Journal of the California Assoc. Aug. 1998</ref>

===Positive airway pressure===
{{Main article|Positive airway pressure}}
A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine is often used to control sleep apnea and the snoring associated with it. It is a relatively safe medical treatment. To keep the airway open, a device pumps a controlled stream of air through a flexible hose to a mask worn over the nose, mouth, or both.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/snoring/cpap.cfm |title=Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) |accessdate=2007-07-02 |publisher=American Academy of Otolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery}}</ref> A CPAP is usually applied through a CPAP mask which is placed over the nose and/or mouth. The air pressure required to keep the airway open is delivered through this and it is attached to a CPAP machine which is like an air compressor.

The air that CPAP delivers is generally "normal air" – not concentrated oxygen. The machine utilizes the air pressure as an "air splint" to keep the airway open. In obstructive sleep apnea, the airway at the rear of the throat is prone to closure.

===Surgery===
Surgery is also available as a method of correcting social snoring. Some procedures, such as [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]], attempt to widen the airway by removing tissues in the back of the throat, including the [[uvula]] and [[pharynx]]. These surgeries are quite invasive, however, and there are risks of adverse side effects. The most dangerous risk is that enough scar tissue could form within the throat as a result of the incisions to make the airway more narrow than it was prior to surgery, diminishing the airspace in the velopharynx. Scarring is an individual trait, so it is difficult for a surgeon to predict how much a person might be predisposed to scarring. Currently, the [[American Medical Association]] does not approve of the use of lasers to perform operations on the pharynx or uvula.

[[Radiofrequency ablation]] (RFA) is a relatively new surgical treatment for snoring. This treatment applies radiofrequency energy and heat (between 77&nbsp;°C and 85&nbsp;°C) to the soft tissue at the back of the throat, such as the soft palate and uvula, causing scarring of the tissue beneath the skin. After healing, this results in stiffening of the treated area. The procedure takes less than one hour, is usually performed on an outpatient basis, and usually requires several treatment sessions. Radiofrequency ablation is frequently effective in reducing the severity of snoring, but often does not completely eliminate it.<ref>[http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1998/may20/snoring520.html Snoring subdued with new treatment: 5/20/98<!--Bot generated title-->]</ref><ref>[http://www.nice.org.uk/ipcat.aspx?c=212220 Radiofrequency ablation of the soft palate for snoring<!--Bot generated title-->]</ref>

[[Bipolar radiofrequency ablation]], a technique used for [[coblation tonsillectomy]], is also used for the treatment of snoring.

===Pillar procedure===
The Pillar Procedure is a minimally invasive treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. In the United States, this procedure was FDA indicated in 2004. During this procedure, three to six+ dacron (the material used in permanent sutures) strips are inserted into the soft palate, using a modified syringe and local anesthetic. While the procedure was initially approved for the insertion of three "pillars" into the soft palate, it was found that there was a significant dosage response to more pillars, with appropriate candidates.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} As a result of this outpatient operation, which typically lasts no more than 30 minutes, the soft palate is more rigid, possibly reducing instances of sleep apnea and snoring. This procedure addresses one of the most common causes of snoring and sleep apnea — vibration or collapse of the soft palate (the soft part of the roof of the mouth). If there are other factors contributing to snoring or sleep apnea, such as conditions of the nasal airway or an enlarged tongue, it will likely need to be combined with other treatments to be more effective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pillarprocedure.com/what-is-pillar/|publisher = Pillar Procedure|title = What is pillar|accessdate= 29 September 2016}}</ref>

===Medication===
An open label non-randomized study in 30 patients found benefit from [[pseudoephedrine]], [[domperidone]], and the combination in the treatment of severe snoring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faronkal.cl/deploy/Treatment_of_severe_snoring_with_a_combination.pdf |title=Treatment of Severe Snoring with a Combination of Pseudoephedrine Sulfate and Domperidone. |accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref>

===Alternative medicine===
Among the natural remedies are exercises to increase the muscle tone of the upper airway,<ref name=PaiEtal2008>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |author=Pai, Irumee |author2=Lo, Stephen |author3=Wolf, Dennis |author4=ajieker, Azgher |pmid=18183444 |title=The effect of singing on snoring and daytime somnolence |journal=Sleep and Breathing |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=265–268 | doi=10.1007/s11325-007-0159-1 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r771q473w2p108r6/ |accessdate=9 January 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> and one medical practitioner noting anecdotally that professional singers seldom snore,<ref name=Scott1995>{{Cite book |year=1995 |author=Scott, Elizabeth |title=The Natural Way to Stop Snoring |publisher=Orion Books |place=London |isbn=0-7528-0067-1 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> but there have been no medical studies to fully link the two.<ref name=ValbuzaEtal2008>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |author=Valbuza, J.S |author2=de Oliveira, M.M |author3=Conti, C.F |author4=Prado, L.B.F |author5=de Carvalho, L.B.C |author6=do Prado, G.F |title=Methods to increase muscle tonus of upper airway to treat snoring: Systematic review |journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr |volume=66 |issue=3-B |pages=773–776 |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/anp/v66n3b/a37v663b.pdf |accessdate=9 January 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} |doi=10.1590/s0004-282x2008000500037}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
Statistics on snoring are often contradictory, but at least 30% of adults and perhaps as many as 50% of people in some demographics snore.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001-09-19 |title=New Vaccine Could Cure Snoring (statistics insert) |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1552168.stm}}</ref> One survey of 5,713 American residents identified habitual snoring in 24% of men and 13.8% of women, rising to 60% of men and 40% of women aged 60 to 65 years; this suggests an increased susceptibility to snoring as age increases.<ref>{{cite news |title=Some epidemiological data on snoring and cardiocirculatory disturbances |publisher=Lugaresi E., Cirignotta F., Coccoagna G. et al. (1980), Sleep 3, 221–224 |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00651.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28snor*%29+and+%28allfield%3A%2860%29%29}}</ref>
{{trans F}}
==參考資料==
==參考資料==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

2017年7月27日 (四) 04:31的版本

鼻鼾
鼻鼾聲音例子
类型respiratory signs and symptoms[*]
分类和外部资源
ICD-10R06.5
ICD-9-CM786.09
DiseasesDB12260
MedlinePlus003207
MeSHD012913
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
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参见：睡眠呼吸中止症

鼻鼾（英語：Snorning）是呼吸系統的結構震動而產生的聲音，原因是睡覺時呼吸被阻擋。在一些情況下聲音較輕，但一般情況下都是嘈吵及煩人的。鼻鼾同時可能是睡眠窒息症的第一個警號。研究指出鼻鼾是睡眠不足的一項因素。 Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. In some cases, the sound may be soft, but in most cases, it can be loud and unpleasant. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research suggests that snoring is one of the factors of sleep deprivation.

參考資料

  1. ^ Luboshitzky, Rafael; Ariel Aviv; Aya Hefetz; Paula Herer; Zila Shen-Orr; Lena Lavie; Peretz Lavie. Decreased Pituitary-Gonadal Secreti. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. March 23, 2002, 87 (7): 3394–3398 [2007-07-03]. PMID 12107256. doi:10.1210/jc.87.7.3394. Decreased libido is frequently reported in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). 
  2. ^ The effect of surgery upon the quality of life in snoring patients and their partners: a between-subjects case-controlled trial. M.W.J. Armstrong, C.L. Wallace & J. Marais, Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences 24 6 Page 510. 1999-01-12. 
  3. ^ Snoring 'linked to heart disease'. BBC News. 2008-03-01 [2010-05-23]. 
  4. ^ Quality of life in mild obstructive sleep apnea. Gall, R., Isaac, L., Kryger, M. (1993) Sleep, 16, S59 S61. 1993. 
  5. ^ Silent partners: the wives of sleep apneic patients. Cartwright, R.D. & Knight, S. (1987) Sleep, 10, 244 248. 1987. 
  6. ^ Snoring, asthma and sleep disturbance in Britain: a community-based survey. Fitzpatrick, M.F., Martin, K., Fossey, E et al. (1993) Eur. Respir. J. 69, 531 535. 1993. 
  7. ^ Lee, SA; TC Amis; K Byth; G Larcos; K Kairaitis; TD Robinson; JR Wheatley. Heavy snoring as a cause of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Sleep (Associated Professional Sleep Societies). September 2008, 31 (9): 1207–1213. ISSN 0161-8105. PMC 2542975 可免费查阅. PMID 18788645. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Amatoury, J; Howitt, L; Wheatley, JR; Avolio, AP; Amis, TC. Snoring-related energy transmission to the carotid artery in rabbits.. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). May 2006, 100 (5): 1547–53. PMID 16455812. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01439.2005. 
  9. ^ Snoring: A Precursor to Medical Issues (PDF). Stop Snoring Device. [28 June 2016]. 
  10. ^ Amatoury, Jason. Health Check: is snoring anything to worry about?. The Conversation. [15 March 2017]. 
  11. ^ That Statistics of Sleep Apnea. Sleep Disorders Guide. [28 June 2016]. 
  12. ^ Chokroverty, Sudhansu. 100 Questions & Answers About Sleep And Sleep Disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2007: 124. ISBN 0763741205. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Snoring Causes. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic. 26 April 2015 [15 June 2016]. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Obstructive sleep apnea. University of Maryland. University of Maryland Medical Center. 19 September 2012 [15 June 2016]. 
  15. ^ How to Stop Snoring: Causes, Cures, and Remedies. Medical-Reference. [26 September 2016]. 
  16. ^ Snoring - Facts and myths. American Sleep Association. [25 July 2016]. 
  17. ^ Obstructive sleep apnea: Overview. U.S. National Library of Medicine — Pubmed Health. [26 September 2016]. 
  18. ^ How To Stop Snoring. The Dozy Owl. [8 September 2016]. 
  19. ^ Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. British Medical Journal. 2005-12-23. 
  20. ^ Anti-Snoring Pillows: Can They Help With Snoring?. [2016-01-20]. 
  21. ^ [1], Henke,Frantz AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 2000;161:420–425.
  22. ^ "Comparative Study of Oral Devices for Snoring" [2], Journal of the California Assoc. Aug. 1998
  23. ^ Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). American Academy of Otolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery. [2007-07-02]. 
  24. ^ Snoring subdued with new treatment: 5/20/98
  25. ^ Radiofrequency ablation of the soft palate for snoring
  26. ^ What is pillar. Pillar Procedure. [29 September 2016]. 
  27. ^ Treatment of Severe Snoring with a Combination of Pseudoephedrine Sulfate and Domperidone. (PDF). [2012-05-01]. 
  28. ^ Pai, Irumee; Lo, Stephen; Wolf, Dennis; ajieker, Azgher. The effect of singing on snoring and daytime somnolence. Sleep and Breathing. 2008, 12 (3): 265–268 [9 January 2011]. PMID 18183444. doi:10.1007/s11325-007-0159-1Template:Inconsistent citations 
  29. ^ Scott, Elizabeth. The Natural Way to Stop Snoring. London: Orion Books. 1995. ISBN 0-7528-0067-1Template:Inconsistent citations 
  30. ^ Valbuza, J.S; de Oliveira, M.M; Conti, C.F; Prado, L.B.F; de Carvalho, L.B.C; do Prado, G.F. Methods to increase muscle tonus of upper airway to treat snoring: Systematic review (PDF). Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008, 66 (3-B): 773–776 [9 January 2011]. doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2008000500037Template:Inconsistent citations 
  31. ^ New Vaccine Could Cure Snoring (statistics insert). BBC News. 2001-09-19. 
  32. ^ Some epidemiological data on snoring and cardiocirculatory disturbances. Lugaresi E., Cirignotta F., Coccoagna G. et al. (1980), Sleep 3, 221–224. 
睡眠分期（英语：Sleep cycle）
腦波
睡眠障碍
其他
正常現象
相關條目
1 非睡眠失調
描述
疾病
治療
聽診
呼吸
速率
型態
其他
其他
 
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