癫痫:修订间差异

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|T=zh-cn:癫痫;zh-hk:腦癇症;zh-tw:癲癇;
|T=zh-cn:癫痫;zh-hk:腦癇症;zh-tw:癲癇;
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| duration = 長期<ref name=WHO2016/>
| duration = 長期<ref name=WHO2016/>
| causes = {{tsl|en|brain injury||腦部受傷}}、[[中風]]、[[脑肿瘤]]、腦部受到感染、[[先天性障碍]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Ham2010/><ref name=Ham2010/><ref name=Gol2013>{{cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=EM|author2=Coulter, DA|title=Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction.|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date=May 2013|volume=14|issue=5|pages=337–49|pmid=23595016|doi=10.1038/nrn3482|pmc=3982383}}</ref>
| causes = {{tsl|en|brain injury||腦部受傷}}、[[中風]]、[[脑肿瘤]]、腦部受到感染、[[先天性障碍]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Ham2010/><ref name=Gol2013>{{cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=EM|author2=Coulter, DA|title=Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction.|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date=May 2013|volume=14|issue=5|pages=337–49|pmid=23595016|doi=10.1038/nrn3482|pmc=3982383}}</ref>
| risks =
| risks =
| diagnosis = [[腦電圖]]、排除其他可能原因<ref name="Longo 2012">{{cite book |last1=Longo |first1=Dan L |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174887-2 |page=3258 |edition=18th|chapter=369 Seizures and Epilepsy}}</ref>
| diagnosis = [[腦電圖]]、排除其他可能原因<ref name="Longo 2012">{{cite book |last1=Longo |first1=Dan L |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174887-2 |page=3258 |edition=18th|chapter=369 Seizures and Epilepsy}}</ref>
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'''癲癇症'''({{lang-en|Epilepsy}}),是一種{{le|神經性疾患|Neurological disorders}},特徵為反覆地[[癲癇發作]]<ref name=NEJM2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang BS, Lowenstein DH | title = Epilepsy | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 349 | issue = 13 | pages = 1257–66 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 14507951 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra022308 }}</ref><ref name=Fisher2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel J, Forsgren L, French JA, Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M, Wiebe S | title = ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–82 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24730690 | doi = 10.1111/epi.12550 | url = http://www.ilae.org/Visitors/Centre/documents/Definition2014-RFisher.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609024638/http://www.ilae.org/Visitors/Centre/documents/Definition2014-RFisher.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 June 2014 }}</ref>,即為重複發作或長或短的嚴重抽搐症狀<ref name=WHO2016/>,可能會造成物理性傷害,甚至[[骨折]]<ref name=WHO2016/>。癲癇症的定義是,患者在無誘發原因下持續重複地癲癇發作<ref name=NEJM2003/>;因中毒等特定原因引發的單次性癲癇發作({{lang-en|Isolated seizures}})就不算是癲癇症<ref name=Fisher2005/> 。癲癇症的治療方式在各地各有不同,患者常因其病況而遭到各種程度的[[社會羞辱|汙名化]]<ref name=WHO2016/>。
<!--症状与定义-->
'''癲癇'''<ref>[http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ 《粵語審音配詞字庫》]-癇正音嫺(haan4),異音簡(gaan2)(由[[陳康健老師]]於2019年06月20日查閱)。</ref>({{lang-en|Epilepsy}},英文詞源来自[[古希腊文]]中的动词「{{lang|el|ἐπιλαμβάνειν}}」,此處意为「折磨」),[[音譯]]'''伊比力斯症''',或稱'''腦癇'''、'''羊癇'''、'''羊癲瘋'''、'''羊角风'''、'''猪脚疯'''、'''發羊吊'''。2010年6月27日,[[香港復康會]]與關注[[癲癇症]]的團體宣佈正式將[[癲癇症]]改名為「[[腦癇症]]」,希望有助糾正市民的誤解<ref>[https://hk.appledaily.com/news/art/20100628/14181262 癲癇症易名腦癇症消歧視]-蘋果日報[2010年06月28日]</ref><ref>[http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232109/2019/0512/286840.html 「癲癇」正名「腦癇」功臣]-大公網[2019年05月12日]</ref>。是[[慢性|长期性]][[神经系统]]疾病,以[[癫痫抽搐发作|抽搐]]为特征<ref name=NEJM2003>{{cite journal | author = Chang BS, Lowenstein DH | title =Epilepsy | year = 2003 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 349 | issue = 13 | pages = 1257–66 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra022308 | pmid = 14507951}}</ref>,可由[[脑电图]]确诊[[大脑皮质]]神经细胞异常<ref name=Fisher2005>{{cite journal| author = Fisher R, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J| title = Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)| journal = Epilepsia| volume = 46| issue = 4| pages = 470–2| year = 2005| pmid = 15816939| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x| doi = 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x}}{{Dead link|date=2019年10月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。


大多數癲癇病例的肇因尚未釐清<ref name=WHO2016/>,在少數病例中,有些係肇因於[[腦損傷]]、[[中風]]、[[腦腫瘤]]、腦部感染、或[[先天性障礙]],經{{le|致癲癇作用|Epileptogenesis}}而致病<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Ham2010/><ref name=Gol2013/>;而一小部分的癲癇病例與已知的[[基因突變]]直接相關<ref name=Longo2012/><ref name=Pand2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pandolfo | first1 = M. | title = Genetics of epilepsy. |journal = Seminars in Neurology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 506–18 |date=Nov 2011 | doi = 10.1055/s-0031-1299789 | pmid = 22266888 }}</ref>。癲癇發作是[[大腦皮質]]中過度且異常的[[神經元]]活動所產生的結果<ref name=Fisher2005>{{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher R, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J | title = Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)| journal = Epilepsia| volume = 46| issue = 4| pages = 470–2| year = 2005| pmid = 15816939| doi = 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x}}</ref>。癲癇的診斷必須先排除其他可能造成類似症狀的情況,例如[[昏厥]];已及判斷是否有其他造成發作的原因,例如[[酒精戒斷症候群]]或[[電解質]]方面的問題。這部分可以藉助[[神經成像]]和[[血液檢查]]<ref name=Longo2012/>。異常的[[腦電圖]]檢查結果可以佐證癲癇的診斷,但正常的腦電圖檢查結果則無法排除癲癇的可能性<ref name=Longo2012>{{cite book |last1=Longo |first1=Dan L | name-list-format = vanc |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174887-2 |page=3258 |edition=18th|chapter=369 Seizures and Epilepsy}}</ref>。
<!--病因、病理生理学及诊断 -->
癫痫的根本病因是遗传性、[[器質性精神病]]<ref>https://www.kln.mohw.gov.tw/?aid=509&pid=62&page_name=detail&iid=775 2013-08-08衛生福利部基隆醫院</ref><ref>https://www.kingnet.com.tw/knNew/news/single-article.html?newId=34875 國家網路醫藥</ref>,或代谢異常。少數病例由脑部外伤導致,例如、[[中风]]、[[脑肿瘤]]、服毒或酗酒,但不會因為感染而引發。


由其他原因造成的癲癇症可能是可以預防的<ref name=WHO2016/>。70%的發作可藉由藥物控制<ref name=Ead2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eadie MJ | title = Shortcomings in the current treatment of epilepsy | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419–27 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23237349 | doi = 10.1586/ern.12.129 }}</ref>,平價的抗發作藥物也通常不難取得<ref name=WHO2016/>。而無法以藥物控制的發作則可以考慮[[外科學]],{{le|神經刺激|Neurostimulation}},或飲食調整<ref name=Bergey2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bergey GK | title = Neurostimulation in the treatment of epilepsy | journal = Experimental Neurology | volume = 244 | pages = 87–95 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23583414 | doi = 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.004 }}</ref><ref name=Mar2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin K, Jackson CF, Levy RG, Cooper PN | title = Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2 | pages = CD001903 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26859528 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub3 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30403286|date = December 2018}}。並不是所有的癲癇症都會持續終生,許多人的狀況可以改善到不再需要治療的程度<ref name=WHO2016/>。
<!--治疗-->
癫痫不能根治,但70%抽搐发作可由药物控制<ref name=Ead2012>{{cite journal|last=Eadie|first=MJ|title=Shortcomings in the current treatment of epilepsy.|journal=Expert review of neurotherapeutics|date=December 2012|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1419–27|pmid=23237349|doi=10.1586/ern.12.129}}</ref>。若药物无法控制,可由[[外科手术]]、{{link-en|神经刺激疗法|Neurostimulation}}或改变饮食,达到无需服药的水平。


<!--流行病学-->
<!--Epidemiology -->
{{as of|2015}},有3900萬人罹患癲癇<ref name=GBD2015>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Allen | first2 = Christine | last3 = Arora | first3 = Megha | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Brown | first6 = Alexandria | last7 = Carter | first7 = Austin | last8 = Casey | first8 = Daniel C. | last9 = Charlson | first9 = Fiona J. | last10 = Chen | first10 = Alan Z. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Cornaby | first12 = Leslie | last13 = Dandona | first13 = Lalit | last14 = Dicker | first14 = Daniel J. | last15 = Dilegge | first15 = Tina | last16 = Erskine | first16 = Holly E. | last17 = Ferrari | first17 = Alize J. | last18 = Fitzmaurice | first18 = Christina | last19 = Fleming | first19 = Tom | last20 = Forouzanfar | first20 = Mohammad H. | last21 = Fullman | first21 = Nancy | last22 = Gething | first22 = Peter W. | last23 = Goldberg | first23 = Ellen M. | last24 = Graetz | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Haagsma | first25 = Juanita A. | last26 = Hay | first26 = Simon I. | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kawashima | first29 = Toana | last30 = Kemmer | first30 = Laura | displayauthors = 29 }}</ref>,將近80%是在[[開發中國家]]<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Epilepsy Fact sheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311001129/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/|archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>。2015年全世界有12萬5千人因為癲癇而死亡,較1990年的11萬2千人要多一些<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 | last1 = Wang | first1 = Haidong | last2 = Naghavi | first2 = Mohsen | last3 = Allen | first3 = Christine | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Carter | first6 = Austin | last7 = Casey | first7 = Daniel C. | last8 = Charlson | first8 = Fiona J. | last9 = Chen | first9 = Alan Zian | last10 = Coates | first10 = Matthew M. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Dandona | first12 = Lalit | last13 = Dicker | first13 = Daniel J. | last14 = Erskine | first14 = Holly E. | last15 = Ferrari | first15 = Alize J. | last16 = Fitzmaurice | first16 = Christina | last17 = Foreman | first17 = Kyle | last18 = Forouzanfar | first18 = Mohammad H. | last19 = Fraser | first19 = Maya S. | last20 = Fullman | first20 = Nancy | last21 = Gething | first21 = Peter W. | last22 = Goldberg | first22 = Ellen M. | last23 = Graetz | first23 = Nicholas | last24 = Haagsma | first24 = Juanita A. | last25 = Hay | first25 = Simon I. | last26 = Huynh | first26 = Chantal | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kinfu | first29 = Yohannes | last30 = Kulikoff | first30 = Xie Rachel | displayauthors = 29 }}</ref><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext | author1 = GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators }}</ref>。癲癇在年長者身上較容易出現<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodie MJ, Elder AT, Kwan P | title = Epilepsy in later life | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 1019–30 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19800848 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70240-6 }}</ref><ref name=Holmes2008>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Thomas R. | last2 = Browne | first2 = Gregory L. | name-list-format = vanc |title=Handbook of epilepsy|year=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-7397-3 |edition=4th |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLOv8XZ5u48C&pg=PA7 }}</ref>。在已開發國家,新增的病例最常出現在嬰兒及年長者<ref>{{cite book|title=Wyllie's treatment of epilepsy : principles and practice.|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-937-7|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxE2FYWoY0wC&pg=PA291|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624113503/https://books.google.com/books?id=mxE2FYWoY0wC&pg=PA291|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>。在開發中國家,因為根本病因的差異,新增病例會以年齡較大的兒童及青年為主<ref name=Poor2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newton CR, Garcia HH | title = Epilepsy in poor regions of the world | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9848 | pages = 1193–201 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23021288 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6 }}</ref>。有5%至10%的人會在八十歲以前出現無故的癲癇發作<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA | title = Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 334–40 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22963022 }}</ref>,這些人中再次癲癇發作的比例佔40%至50%<ref name=Berg2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berg AT | title = Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 49 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = 13–8 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18184149 | doi = 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01444.x }}</ref>。許多地區的癲癇患者的駕駛資格會受限,或是被要求必須要一段時間沒有癲癇發作,才能夠駕駛<ref name=Drive2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = L Devlin A, Odell M, L Charlton J, Koppel S | title = Epilepsy and driving: current status of research | journal = Epilepsy Research | volume = 102 | issue = 3 | pages = 135–52 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22981339 | doi = 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.08.003 }}</ref>。癲癇的英文「epilepsy」是源自古希臘文的「ἐπιλαμβάνειν」,為「侵襲、佔有、或折磨」之意<ref name=magiorkinis_2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magiorkinis E, Sidiropoulou K, Diamantis A | title = Hallmarks in the history of epilepsy: epilepsy in antiquity | journal = Epilepsy & Behavior | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–8 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19963440 | doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.023 }}</ref>。
全世界约1%人口患有癫痫<ref name=Thur2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, Berg AT, Buchhalter JR, Ding D, Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, Kazis L, Kobau R, Kroner B, Labiner D, Liow K, Logroscino G, Medina MT, Newton CR, Parko K, Paschal A, Preux PM, Sander JW, Selassie A, Theodore W, Tomson T, Wiebe S, ((ILAE Commission on Epidemiology)) |title=Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy.|journal=Epilepsia|date=September 2011|volume=52 Suppl 7|pages=2–26|pmid=21899536|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03121.x}}</ref>,近80%病例都在[[发展中国家]]<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/ | title = Epilepsy | series = Fact Sheets|date =October 2012 | accessdate = January 24, 2013 | publisher = [[世界卫生组织|World Health Organization]]}}</ref>。发病率随年龄增长而增高<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|coauthors=Elder, AT, Kwan, P|title=Epilepsy in later life|journal=Lancet neurology|date=November 2009|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1019–30|pmid=19800848|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70240-6}}</ref><ref name=Holmes2008>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Thomas R. Browne, Gregory L.|title=Handbook of epilepsy|year=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-7397-3|edition=4th|page=7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gLOv8XZ5u48C&pg=PA7}}</ref>。新病例在发达国家常见于一歲以下婴幼儿及五十至六十歲的長者<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bkb.mpweekly.com/cu0001/20180331-70497 |title=【醫療】揭開「腦癇」真貌 |access-date=2018-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135631/https://bkb.mpweekly.com/cu0001/20180331-70497 |archive-date=2018-04-24 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Wyllie's treatment of epilepsy : principles and practice.|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-937-7|edition=5th|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mxE2FYWoY0wC&pg=PA291}}</ref>,在发展中国家常见于儿童和青年<ref name=Poor2012>{{cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=The Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288}}</ref>,这是因为病因的比例不同。约5-10%病例在80岁前会发生一次无明显诱因的抽搐,发生第二次抽搐的几率在40%-50%之间<ref name=Berg2008>{{cite journal|last=Berg |first=AT|title=Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure |journal=Epilepsia|volume=49 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=13–8|year=2008 |pmid=18184149|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01444.x}}</ref>。许多政府都会限制或禁止癫痫患者驾车,但在患者无抽搐一段时间后可以重新开始驾车。


{{TOC limit}}


==症状和体征==
==症状和体征==

2020年2月20日 (四) 16:56的版本

癫痫
Epilepsy
同义词Seizure disorder
An electroencephalogram of a person with childhood absence epilepsy showing a seizure. The waves are black on a white background.
兒童失神性癲癇英语childhood absence epilepsy患者的腦電波釋放出的3赫茲棘徐波英语Spike-and-wave
读音
  • ㄉ一ㄢ ㄒㄧㄢˊ
症状顯著地晃動(Periods of vigorous shaking)、其他人幾乎難以辨識其發音內容(nearly undetectable spells)[1]
病程長期[1]
类型腦病變疾病
肇因腦部受傷英语brain injury中風脑肿瘤、腦部受到感染、先天性障碍[1][2][3]
診斷方法腦電圖、排除其他可能原因[4]
相似疾病或共病昏厥酒精戒斷症候群電解質不平衡[4]
治療藥物、外科学神經元刺激英语neurostimulation、飲食調整[5][6]
预后70% 可以控制[7]
盛行率3900 萬 / 0.5% (2015)[8]
死亡數125,000 (2015)[9]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科神經內科
ICD-9-CM345.9、​345.91、​345、​345.90、​345.8、​345.80
DiseasesDB4366
MedlinePlus000694
eMedicine1184846
Orphanet101998
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
癫痫
类型腦病變疾病
肇因周產期窒息[*]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科神經學、​癫痫学
ICD-10G40-G41
ICD-9-CM345
DiseasesDB4366
MedlinePlus000694
eMedicineneuro/415
MeSHD004827
Orphanet101998
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

癲癇症(英語:Epilepsy),是一種神經性疾患英语Neurological disorders,特徵為反覆地癲癇發作[10][11],即為重複發作或長或短的嚴重抽搐症狀[1],可能會造成物理性傷害,甚至骨折[1]。癲癇症的定義是,患者在無誘發原因下持續重複地癲癇發作[10];因中毒等特定原因引發的單次性癲癇發作(英語:Isolated seizures)就不算是癲癇症[12] 。癲癇症的治療方式在各地各有不同,患者常因其病況而遭到各種程度的汙名化[1]

大多數癲癇病例的肇因尚未釐清[1],在少數病例中,有些係肇因於腦損傷中風腦腫瘤、腦部感染、或先天性障礙,經致癲癇作用英语Epileptogenesis而致病[1][2][3];而一小部分的癲癇病例與已知的基因突變直接相關[13][14]。癲癇發作是大腦皮質中過度且異常的神經元活動所產生的結果[12]。癲癇的診斷必須先排除其他可能造成類似症狀的情況,例如昏厥;已及判斷是否有其他造成發作的原因,例如酒精戒斷症候群電解質方面的問題。這部分可以藉助神經成像血液檢查[13]。異常的腦電圖檢查結果可以佐證癲癇的診斷,但正常的腦電圖檢查結果則無法排除癲癇的可能性[13]

由其他原因造成的癲癇症可能是可以預防的[1]。70%的發作可藉由藥物控制[7],平價的抗發作藥物也通常不難取得[1]。而無法以藥物控制的發作則可以考慮外科學神經刺激英语Neurostimulation,或飲食調整[5][6][已过时]。並不是所有的癲癇症都會持續終生,許多人的狀況可以改善到不再需要治療的程度[1]

截至2015年 (2015-Missing required parameter 1=month!),有3900萬人罹患癲癇[8],將近80%是在開發中國家[1]。2015年全世界有12萬5千人因為癲癇而死亡,較1990年的11萬2千人要多一些[9][15]。癲癇在年長者身上較容易出現[16][17]。在已開發國家,新增的病例最常出現在嬰兒及年長者[18]。在開發中國家,因為根本病因的差異,新增病例會以年齡較大的兒童及青年為主[19]。有5%至10%的人會在八十歲以前出現無故的癲癇發作[20],這些人中再次癲癇發作的比例佔40%至50%[21]。許多地區的癲癇患者的駕駛資格會受限,或是被要求必須要一段時間沒有癲癇發作,才能夠駕駛[22]。癲癇的英文「epilepsy」是源自古希臘文的「ἐπιλαμβάνειν」,為「侵襲、佔有、或折磨」之意[23]


症状和体征

癫痫抽搐发作影片
在抽搐发作时咬到自己舌尖的一位病人

癫痫的特点是长期反复发作抽搐[24]。这些发作可能因涉及的脑部区域和病人年龄有好几种不同形式[24][25]

抽搐发作

  • 抽搐类型(約佔60%)
    • 局灶性癲癇發作英语Partial_seizure(約佔三分之二),但可能惡化为全身性癲癇發作英语Generalised_epilepsy。通常會先有某些感觉或经历,称为先兆[26],包括:感官先兆(视觉、听觉或嗅觉)、通感或情绪、自主神经、或肢体感觉性[2]
    • 全身性抽搐[25](約佔三分之一),有六种主要类型:强直-阵挛性、強直性(tonic)、陣攣性狀態(clonic)、肌痙挛性英语Myoclonus、失神性(Absence seizure)、以及失张性发作英语Atonic_seizure。这六种都会失去意识,通常事先没有预警。
      • 强直 - 阵挛性:发作以四肢收缩开始,接着是四肢挺直、背部拱起,因胸部肌肉收缩,病人可能会发出哭叫声,歷時约10–30秒,稱為强直期(tonic phase);之后是四肢同时抖动,稱為阵挛期(clonic phase)。咬到舌头两侧更为常见[28]
      • 阵挛性抽搐:发作时四肢同时抖动,令肌肉不断收缩,当呼吸停止,病人会呈青黑色。在抖动结束10–30分钟后才可能恢复正常,此阶段称为「发作后期(postictal phase)」。发作期间可能會大小便失控[29]及咬到舌尖或舌头两侧[28]
      • 肌强直性:发作會引起数个局部或全身性的肌肉痉挛,失神性非常轻微,可能只是轻轻转头或眨眼[2]。病人并不会跌倒,发作结束后马上会恢复正常[2]。失张性发作的肌肉失去活动的过程則會超过一秒钟[27],这樣的發作通常會在身体两侧发生[27]
  • 非痉挛性类型(約佔40%)
    • 失神,症狀为失去意识,通常持续10秒左右[2][30]。咬舌也较为常见[28]
  • 诱因

发作后期

在抽搐高峰发生后、正常意识水平英语level of consciousness 恢复正常前,通常会有一段意识混乱的时期,被称为是发作后期英语Postictal_state。此阶段通常長3到15分钟[35],但也可能持续数小时[36]。其他常见的症状包括:感觉疲惫、头痛、言语困难、以及行为异常[36]思覺失調在抽搐发作后并不罕见,比率大约为 6-10%[37]。病人往往不记得发作期间发生的事情[36]。局灶性抽搐后也可能会发生局部性麻痹,即托德麻痹英语Todd's paralysis,通常持续几秒钟到几分钟,但在少见的情况下可能会持续一到两天[38]

心理社會面

癫痫可能會在社会支持和心理福祉上造成负面影响,包括被他人孤立、羞辱,或肢體殘障。也可能导致较低的教育水平和就业不易。患者常有学习困难的問題,尤其在患有癫痫的儿童英语Epilepsy_in_children身上。在公開場合發作,可能對患者與家庭帶來異樣眼光[29]

併發症包括:重性憂鬱障礙焦虑症偏头痛、及精神病等。

  • 癫痫併發精神病的可能性高於一般人,類似精神分裂,以幻覺、妄想為主。若癲癇病灶在顳葉者,則發作機率更高。有些研究發現左腦病灶者較易併發精神病,但未獲得一致性的結論。另有些癲癇是因腦病變造成,這些腦病本身也會造成精神不穩定的症狀。[39]
  • 注意力不足過動症在癫痫儿童中发生率是正常儿童的3到5倍[40]。多动症和癫痫对儿童的行为、学习和社会互动发展有显著影响[41]。癫痫症在自闭症患者中也更为常见[42]

病因

癫痫的根本病因是遗传性(自發性),或是源自器質性精神障礙(Organic psychosis)或代谢问题,并不具备如急性疾病(例如:腸胃炎流感)的外部诱因,但在百分之六十的病例中[29],病因皆为未知[43]

  • 年輕的患者,較常發生的原因為遗传性先天性、或發展障礙
  • 年长的患者,腦肿瘤中风则较常見。
  • 若由确定的病因引起,如中风、颅脑外伤、中毒或代谢性疾病,则被称为急性症状性癫痫,并不属于癫痫病本身的范畴,而是被归纳在更大的癫痫相关疾病的范围之中。
  • 很多造成急性症状性癫痫的病因可能会使癫痫再次的发作,这樣的症狀又被称为继发性癫痫(secondary epilepsy)[29]

病症的应对

癫痫的突发性,以及其常见的一些症状导致很多人存在对病人的偏见与歧视,或遇到突发病人后陷入惊慌状态不能及时给与援护。

旁人(包括医务人员在内)绝不应该在病人口中放入任何物件,因为这有可能对双方造成严重的伤害。发作时为避免病人乱动而出现滚下楼梯或撞墙等意外事故发生,应该首先确保病人周围环境的安全。

过去对癫痫多使用外科手术治疗,现在因为绝大多数病症可由药物控制,除非严重的病症一般不进行外科手术,但选择外科手术需要经过缜密的辩证。治疗癫痫效果较好的西药有卡马西平(Carbamazepine)(普通美國品牌名稱semisodium,Depakote)、丙戊酸钠(Depakene)、苯妥英钠(Dilantin)(Phenytoin)癲能停奥卡西平(Trileptal)、唑尼沙胺(Zonegran)。

卡马西平是治療癲癇的第一線用藥,普遍用來治癲癇症、三叉神經痛、腎原性尿崩症、雙極性疾患,每年有數名患者不是癲癇症,卻吃下該藥止痛,多數醫師開藥時也沒告知該藥可能產生嚴重過敏副作用-史帝芬強生症候群(Steven-Johnson syndrome),死亡率達1至4成。

Trileptal(奧卡西平),對情緒當然有影響,副作用太大令人情緒起伏[原創研究?]。其副作用包括:

  • 中樞神經:眩暈、頭痛、嗜睡、精神激昂、健忘、神情呆滯、運動失聊、注意力減弱、紊亂、沮喪、情緒不穩定(例如:緊張)、眼球震顫、震顫。
  • 中樞血管系統:心律不整(例如:心房心室傳導受阻)。
  • 消化系統:噁心、嘔吐、便秘、腹瀉、腹痛。
  • 血液方面:白血球減少、血小板減少。
  • 肝臟:氨基轉移酶及/或鹼性磷酸鹽酶增加、肝炎。
  • 代謝及營養異常:低鈉血症、因低鈉血症而伴有之徵兆及症狀,例如抽搐、紊亂、意識減弱、視力異常(例如:視力模煳)、嘔吐、噁心。
  • 特殊感官:複視、眩暈、視力異常(例如:視力模糊)。
  • 皮膚及其附屬器官:粉刺、禿頭、皮疹、蕁麻疹、史蒂芬斯-強森症候群、全身性紅斑性狼瘡。
  • 全身:疲勞、無力衰弱、血管水腫、多重器官過敏症異常(特徵微皮疹、發燒、淋巴腺病、肝功能檢驗異常、嗜伊紅血球減少、關節痛)

癫痫发作诱因

2002年失能調整生命年每100,000人罹患癲癇之分佈圖。
  無資料
  低於50
  50-72.5
  72.5-95
  95-117.5
  117.5-140
  140-162.5
  162.5-185
  185-207.5
  207.5-230
  230-252.5
  252.5-275
  高於275
  • 过量饮酒:癫痫患者要禁酒,包括任何含有酒精的饮料都要禁止。
  • 情绪激动:过于兴奋、紧张都易引起癫痫发作。
  • 頭部創傷
  • 拍打孩子頭部:經常拍打孩子的頭部會導致孩子顱內出現出血,久而久之就會形成疤痕組織,這些疤痕組織一旦遇到誘發條件就很可能會出現癲癇發作。
  • 光刺激:1946年W. Grey Walter在科学雜誌《自然》(Nature)上发表的文章中指出,每秒钟20-50次左右的光线的明灭会引发病症。1997年日本动画片《神奇宝贝》(ポケットモンスター)由于放映中出现的强烈光线明灭效果曾导致众多儿童发作癫痫,引发了社会问题。
  • 过呼吸
  • 睡眠不足
  • 腦中風與癲癇:中大腦動脈栓塞的病人在腦中風後的恢復期間易發生癲癇,通常由癱瘓的肢體開始抽搐。
  • 腫瘤
  • 感染
  • 熱性痙攣
  • 退化性疾病:阿兹海默症、多發性硬化症、畢克氏疾病(Pick's Disease)

癫痫发作的类型

癫痫发作因脑放电部位以及扩展方式的不同表现出不同的症状。由放电引发的癫痫发作大体分为两个类型。

  • 发作开始后大脑皮层全范围的放电称为「整体发作」。具体有引发全身痉挛的整体性强直间代发作(大发作),不伴随痉挛而主要是丧失意识失神性发作(小发作)等。另外还有泛肌阵挛性发作、强直发作、脱力发作等。
  • 由一部分的脑放电引发称为「部分发作」。不伴随意識障碍的称为「单纯部分发作」、伴随意識障碍的称为「复杂部分发作」。另外,发作起始由脑的一部分开始放电,其后扩散至全域的情况称之为二次性整体化。二次性整体化发作症状类似大发作,但是分类为部分发作
    • 颞叶内侧放电的情况下,常常会出现无意识状态的单纯动作的持续,称为「自动症」。(自动症并非都是部分发作)

癫痫的种类

  • 局部癫痫
    • 自发性
      良性儿童期中央—颞区棘波灶癫痫
      枕叶阵发儿童癫痫
    • 症状性
      颞叶癫痫
      额叶癫痫
      顶叶癫痫
      枕叶癫痫
      反射性癫痫综合症
  • 全身性癫痫
    • 自发性
      良性家族性新生儿惊厥
      良性新生儿惊厥
      良性新生儿期肌阵挛癫痫
      儿童期失神癫痫(癫痫小发作)
      少年期失神癫痫
      少年期肌阵挛癫痫(冲动性小发作)
      觉醒时的大发作(全身强直—阵挛发作癫痫
      其它全身的自发性癫痫
    • 隐原性或症状性
      婴儿痉挛症(WEST综合症)
      LENNOX—GASTAUT综合症
      伴有肌阵挛—起立不能发作的癫痫
      肌痉挛性失神癫痫
    • 症状性
      早期肌痉挛性脑病(EME)
      具有抑制爆发的早期婴儿癫痫性脑病
      其它症状性全身性癫痫
  • 局灶性或全身性不明的癫痫和综合症
    • 兼有全身和局灶发作
      新生儿发作
      婴儿期重度肌阵挛癫痫(SMEI)
      慢波睡眠相对有持续性棘—慢波癫痫
      获得性癫痫失语综合症(Landau-Kleffner综合症)
      其它未定性癫痫
    • 无明确的全身或局灶性特点
  • 特殊综合症
    • 状况关联性发作(条件性发作)
      发热惊厥
      孤立性发作或孤立性癫痫持续状态
      急性代谢或中毒事件之时癫痫
    • 癲癇性精神分裂
      精神分裂樣症狀的出現是長期服用抗癲癇藥物引起葉酸代謝障礙的結果。

中医学说法

癫痫相当于中医的痫症。中医常用“风”来形容突发性疾病,如老年人脑出血,称为“中风”;新生儿破伤风叫“脐风”,儿童惊厥叫“惊风”或“抽风”。俗称的“羊角风”即是指这一病症。《内经》中有关于癫痫的最早记载。其后也都有众多关于本病的论述。在名称方面曾存在分歧:一种说法是,“癫”和“痫”是不同的病症,“癫”指的是“癫狂”,相当于现代医学的精神病,“痫”则相当于癫痫。另一说法是“癫”和“痫”都是同一病症,成年患者称为“癫症」,儿童患者称作“痫症”。至明朝时,才正式将“癫痫”明确作为一个特殊的病症。

现代医学中的癫痫严格意义上要比中医所讲的“痫症”或“羊角风”范围广,它包括各种类型的发作,而“痫症”仅仅是癫痫的一种类型。

中医的癫痫分类

中医可按不同的病邪引发的症候分为:风痫、惊痫、食痫、痰痫、虫痫、瘀痫、寒痫、热痫等。 或者按照阴阳分类法分为实热型阳痫、虚寒型阴痫。

有癲癇病史的名人

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Epilepsy Fact sheet. WHO. February 2016 [4 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于11 March 2016).  引用错误:带有name属性“WHO2016”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Hammer, edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D. 7. Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2010. ISBN 978-0-07-162167-0. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Goldberg, EM; Coulter, DA. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction.. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. May 2013, 14 (5): 337–49. PMC 3982383可免费查阅. PMID 23595016. doi:10.1038/nrn3482. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Longo, Dan L. 369 Seizures and Epilepsy. Harrison's principles of internal medicine 18th. McGraw-Hill. 2012: 3258. ISBN 978-0-07-174887-2. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Bergey, GK. Neurostimulation in the treatment of epilepsy.. Experimental Neurology. June 2013, 244: 87–95. PMID 23583414. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.004.  引用错误:带有name属性“Bergey2013”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
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延伸閱讀

  • Morrow, Jim. 2011. Epilepsy a patient's handbook. National Services for Health Improvement. ISBN 978-0-9560921-7-5.
  • Walker, M. & Shorvon, S. Understanding Epilepsy second edition 2000. Family Doctor Publications. ISBN 978-1-898205-20-3.