印度河文字
| 印度河文字 | |
|---|---|
| 类型 | 青铜时代文字 |
使用时期 | 前2600年－前1900年 |
| 书写方向 | 從右至左書寫、牛耕式轉行書寫法  |
| 语言 | 未知（见哈拉帕语） |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Inds (610), Indus (Harappan) |
印度河文字（英語：Indus script）在古代印度河流域文明成熟哈拉帕（Mature Harappan）时期使用的古字符，约为公元前26世纪至20世纪。目前还不能确定这些是用来记录语言的文字，抑或是一些符号。虽然科学家花费了很大的努力破解这些古文字[1]，但至今仍未成功。同时也没有已知的可供对译的双语铭文。
歷史
1873年，考古学家亚历山大·卡宁厄姆在一幅哈拉帕绘画上发现了包含印度河文字的印章。此后，先后发现了4000余刻有这种古文字的物件，其中有些在远至美索不达米亚的地方被发现。1970年代初，印度学者Iravatham Mahadevan出版了一部印度河文字汇编，其中收录了大约3700枚印章与417个图案详细的不同符号。铭文平均由5个符号组成，最长的则由17个符号组成。他还确定了符号的书写方向为由右至左。[2]
自1877年起，卡宁厄姆等一些早期学者认为印度河文字可能是婆罗米文的原型。G.R. Hunter、Mahadevan及其他少数一些学者支持卡宁厄姆的假说，认为婆罗米文源于印度河文字。不过现今大多学者认为婆罗米文源于亚兰字母。
参见
註釋
- ^ Possehl, Gregory L. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X.
- ^ Write signs for Indus script?. Nature India. 2009-05-31 [2009-06-01].
參考文獻
- Bryant, Edwin (2000), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate Oxford University Press.
- B. B. Lal. On the Most Frequently Used Sign in the Indus Script. 1977.
- Everson, Michael. Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 1999-01-29 [2010-08-31].
- Farmer, Steve et al. (2004) The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS), vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec) [1] (PDF).
- Knorozov, Yuri V. (ed.) (1965) Predvaritel’noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov. Moscow.
- Mahadevan, Iravatham, Murukan In the Indus Script (1999)
- Mahadevan, Iravatham, Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000) EJVS (ISSN 1084-7561) vol. 8 (2002) issue 1 (March 8).[2]
- Heras, Henry. Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture, Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute, 1953.
- Parpola, Asko et al. (1987-2010). Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Academia scientiarum Fennica), 1987-2010.
- Parpola, Asko (1994), Deciphering the Indus script Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Parpola, Asko (2005) Study of the Indus Script（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 50th ICES Tokyo Session.
- Parpola, Asko (2008) Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?. Published in Airāvati, Felicitation volume in honour of Iravatham Mahadevan, Chennai.
- Possehl, Gregory L. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X..
- Walter Ashlin Fairservis. The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. BRILL. 1992.
- Rao, R.P.N. et al. (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script". Science, 29 May 2009.
- Rao, R.P.N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script". IEEE Computer, vol. 43(4), 76-80, April 2010.
- Sproat, R. (2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems". "Language", vol. 90(2), 457-481, June 2014.
- Subramanian, T. S. (2006) "Significance of Mayiladuthurai find" in The Hindu, May 1, 2006.
- Wells, B. "An Introduction to Indus Writing" Independence, MO: Early Sites Research Society 1999.
- Keim, Brandon (2009) "Artificial Intelligence Cracks 4,000 Year Old Mystery（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" in WIRED
- Vidale, Massimo. The collapse melts down: a reply to Farmer, Sproat and Witzel. Philosophy East and West. 2007, 57 (1-4): 333–366.
外部連結
- Indus Script (ancientscripts.com)
- Indus Script (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007074411/http://www.shangrilagifts.org/hp/indus.html - Comparison of Indus Valley Harappan 哈拉帕 and Ancient Chinese Jia-Gu-wen 甲骨文 "Bone Script")
- "Discovery of a century" in Tamil Nadu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ("Discovery of a century" in Tamil Nadu )
- The Indus Script(From harappa.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)