星際分子列表：修订间差异
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'''{{ROOTPAGENAME}}'''列出已在[[星際物質]]和[[星周包層]]中被檢測出的分子，並依照組成[[原子]]的數目分組。每一種分子均附其[[化學式]]，若有[[離子]]型式也會一併列出。 |
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== 發現 == |
== 發現 == |
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本列表中的所有分子都是透過[[分光學]]檢測出來的。這些分子的光譜特徵是由不同能級之間組成[[電子]]的躍遷，或是通過旋轉、振動光譜產生的，多數會在光譜的[[無線電波]]、[[微波]]或[[紅外線]]部分被偵測出來<ref name=shu82/>。 |
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| first=Frank H. | last=Shu | year=1982 |
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| title=The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy |
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| publisher=University Science Books |
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| isbn=0935702059 }}</ref>。最早檢測出星際分子是在1937年，是以[[次甲基]]（CH）為基礎的星際分子<ref>{{cite web |
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| last = Woon | first = D. E. | date = May 2005 |
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| url = http://www.astrochymist.org/AMOTM/amotm_0505.html |
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| title = Methylidyne radical | publisher = The Astrochemist |
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| accessdate = 2007-02-13 }}</ref>。 |
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星際分子是 |
星際分子是由非常稀疏的星際或星周雲內的塵埃和氣體經化學反應而形成的，大部分時候於分子與[[宇宙射線]]相互作用、被電離時發生。射線中帶正電的質點會以靜電力吸引鄰近的中性粒子。反應也可以在中性的原子和分子之間發生，但進行的比較緩慢<ref name="pnas103d"/>。塵埃在使分子免受恆星發出的紫外線輻射的電離效應上具有關鍵作用<ref name="brown_pais95"/>。 |
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| last=Dalgarno | first=A. |
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| title=Interstellar Chemistry Special Feature: The galactic cosmic ray ionization rate |
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| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science |
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| year=2006 | volume=103 | issue=33 | pages=12269–12273 |
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| url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1567869 |
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| accessdate=2008-03-09 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0602117103 |
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| pmid=16894166 }}</ref>。 |
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=== 歷史 === |
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一個被檢測出富含星際分子的區域是[[人馬座 B2]]（Sgr B2），這個巨大的[[分子雲]]橫躺在銀河系的中心附近，並且是一個被頻繁檢測的目標。下表中列出的分子大約有一半是在人馬座 B2附近首先被發現的，並且其他的分子之後也幾乎都在那兒被檢測出來 |
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[[生物化學|生命的化學反應]]可能是在[[大霹靂]][[宇宙的年齡|距今約138億年前]]不久之後，宇宙進入一段適居時期時開始的，當時宇宙的年齡約只有1億至1.7億歲<ref name="IJA-2014October">{{Cite journal|last=Loeb|first=Abraham|authorlink=Abraham Loeb|title=The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe|date=2014-10|journal={{link-en|國際天體生物學雜誌|International Journal of Astrobiology|International Journal of Astrobiology}}|volume=13|issue=4|pages=337–339|doi=10.1017/S1473550414000196|arxiv=1312.0613|bibcode=2014IJAsB..13..337L|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141202">{{Cite news|last=Dreifus|first=Claudia|authorlink=Claudia Dreifus|title=Much-Discussed Views That Go Way Back - Avi Loeb Ponders the Early Universe, Nature and Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html|date=2014-12-02|work=[[紐約時報|New York Times]]|accessdate=2014-12-03|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203010758/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html|archive-date=2014-12-03|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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<ref>{{cite journal |
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| author=S. E. Cummins, R. A. Linke, P. Thaddeus |
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| title=A survey of the millimeter-wave spectrum of Sagittarius B2 |
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| journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |
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| year=1986 | volume=60 | pages=819–878 |
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| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApJS...60..819C |
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| accessdate=2007-02-06 | doi=10.1086/191102 |
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}}</ref>。 |
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在[[星際物質]]（{{lang|en|ISM}}）中檢測到的第一個含[[碳]]分子是[[甲炔]]（CH<sup>•</sup>），於1937年首次被檢測出來<ref name="woon05"/>。早在20世紀70年代早期便有證據顯示，[[宇宙塵埃]]是由數量眾多的複雜有機分子（{{lang|en|COMs}}，可能是聚合物）所組成的<ref name="AXV-20141219">{{Cite journal|last1=Ruaud|first1=M.|last2=Loison|first2=J.C.|last3=Hickson|first3=K.M.|last4=Gratier|first4=P.|last5=Hersant|first5=F.|last6=Wakelam|first6=V.|title=Modeling Complex Organic Molecules in dense regions: Eley-Rideal and complex induced reaction|year=2015|journal=[[皇家天文學會月報|Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=447|issue=4|pages=4004–4017|arxiv=1412.6256|doi=10.1093/mnras/stu2709|bibcode=2015MNRAS.447.4004R|language=en}}</ref>。天體物理學家{{link-en|錢德拉·維克拉瑪辛赫|Chandra Wickramasinghe}}以[[甲醛]]分子為基礎提出聚合化合物存在於星際空間中的可能<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wickramasinghe|first=N.C.|title=Formaldehyde Polymers in Interstellar Space|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/252462a0|date=1974-12-06|journal=[[自然 (期刊)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/252462a0|volume=252|issue=|pages=462–463|bibcode=|language=en|author=|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430215052/https://www.nature.com/articles/252462a0|archive-date=2019-04-30|dead-url=no}}</ref>；維克拉瑪辛赫並與[[弗雷德·霍伊爾]]據2175 Å的紫外線消光吸收分析鑑定出了雙環芳香族化合物的存在，從而證明了星際空間中存在著[[多環芳香烴]]（{{lang|en|PAH}}/{{lang|en|PAHs}}）分子<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoyle|first1=F.|last2=Wickramasinghe|first2=N.C.|title=Identification of the lambda 2200Å interstellar absorption feature|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242863755_Identification_of_the_2200_A_interstellar_absorption_feature|date=1977-11|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/270323a0|volume=270|issue=5635|pages=323-324|bibcode=|language=en}}</ref>。 |
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== 分子 == |
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以下依照原子的數目編組，列出在星際物質中被檢測出的分子，如果在分子的欄位中是空白的，表示只有離子的形式被檢測出來。在科學文獻中未被確定的，那個位置也會留空。 |
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2004年，科學家在自[[紅矩形星雲]]發射的[[紫外線]]中檢測出了[[蒽]]和[[芘]]的{{link-en|光譜特徵|Spectral signature}}，此等複雜的分子之前從未在外太空中被發現<ref name="Battersby">{{Cite news|last=Battersby|first=S.|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4552-space-molecules-point-to-organic-origins.html|title=Space molecules point to organic origins|publisher=[[New Scientist]]|date=2004|accessdate=2009-12-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053402/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4552-space-molecules-point-to-organic-origins.html|archive-date=2009-01-11|dead-url=no}}</ref>。學界多認為此一發現證實了當與紅矩形星雲相同類型的星雲接近生命盡頭時，星雲核心中的碳和氫將因對流作用被束縛在恆星風中並向外輻射的假設<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053738|title=Estimated IR and phosphorescence emission fluxes for specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Red Rectangle|date=2006|last1=Mulas|first1=G.|last2=Malloci|first2=G.|last3=Joblin|first3=C.|last4=Toublanc|first4=D.|journal=[[天文與天體物理學報|Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=446|issue=2|pages=537–549|bibcode=2006A&A...446..537M|arxiv=astro-ph/0509586|language=en}}</ref>：當冷卻時，原子會彼此結合，最終形成含有百萬顆以上原子的大型粒子。科學家們並推斷，既然多環芳香烴是在星雲中被發現的，那其必然也是產生於星雲之中<ref name="Battersby"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>。 |
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[[File:Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[一氧化碳]]被頻繁的用作[[分子雲]]的尋蹤質量<ref>{{cite web | url = http://astro.kent.ac.uk/gw/molcloud.html | title = The Structure of Molecular Cloud Cores | publisher = Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent | accessdate = 2007-02-16 }}</ref>。]] |
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2010年，[[富勒烯]]（又稱「[[巴克明斯特富勒烯|巴克球]]」）在星雲中被檢測出來<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L39|title=Formation Of Fullerenes In H-Containing Planetary Nebulae|last1=García-Hernández|first1=D. A.|last2=Manchado|first2=A.|last3=García-Lario|first3=P.|last4=Stanghellini|first4=L.|last5=Villaver|first5=E.|last6=Shaw|first6=R. A.|last7=Szczerba|first7=R.|last8=Perea-Calderón|first8=J. V.|date=2010-10-28|pages=L39–L43|issue=1|journal=[[天文物理期刊|The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]|volume=724|bibcode=2010ApJ...724L..39G|arxiv=1009.4357|language=en}}</ref>。富勒烯與生命起源有著一定的關係；天文學家萊蒂西亞·絲糖蓋利尼（{{lang|en|Letizia Stanghellini}}）說：「來自外太空的巴克球有可能為地球上的生命發展提供了種子。」<ref>{{Cite news|last=Atkinson|first=Nancy|url=http://www.universetoday.com/76732/buckyballs-could-be-plentiful-in-the-universe|title=Buckyballs Could Be Plentiful in the Universe|publisher=[[Universe Today]]|date=2010-10-27|accessdate=2010-10-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029231622/http://www.universetoday.com/76732/buckyballs-could-be-plentiful-in-the-universe/|archive-date=2010-10-29|dead-url=no}}</ref> 2019年4月，科學家透過[[哈伯太空望遠鏡]]觀測星際物質時，在恆星間偵測到了大型、複雜的離子化[[巴克明斯特富勒烯]]（CH<sub>60</sub>）分子<ref name="SA-20190429">{{Cite news|last=Starr|first=Michelle|title=The Hubble Space Telescope Has Just Found Solid Evidence of Interstellar Buckyballs|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/the-hubble-space-telescope-has-found-evidence-of-interstellar-buckyballs|date=2019-04-29|work=ScienceAlert.com|accessdate=2019-04-29|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429093440/https://www.sciencealert.com/the-hubble-space-telescope-has-found-evidence-of-interstellar-buckyballs|archive-date=2019-04-29|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="AJL-20190422">{{Cite journal|author=Cordiner, M.A.|display-authors=et al.|title=Confirming Interstellar C60 + Using the Hubble Space Telescope|date=2019-04-22|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=875|pages=L28|number=2|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab14e5|language=en}}</ref>。 |
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=== 双原子 === |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
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2011年，科學家們利用[[光譜學]]發現，含有複雜有機化合物（「具有[[芳香族化合物|芳香族]]－[[脂肪族化合物|脂肪族]]混合結構的無定形有機固體」）的宇宙塵埃可自然、快速地由恆星產生<ref name="Space-20111026">{{Cite web|last=Chow|first=Denise|title=Discovery: Cosmic Dust Contains Organic Matter from Stars|url=http://www.space.com/13401-cosmic-star-dust-complex-organic-compounds.html|date=2011-10-26|publisher={{link-en|Space.com|Space.com}}|accessdate=2011-10-26|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714084901/http://www.space.com/13401-cosmic-star-dust-complex-organic-compounds.html|archive-date=2015-07-14|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="ScienceDaily-20111026">{{Cite web|author=ScienceDaily Staff|title=Astronomers Discover Complex Organic Matter Exists Throughout the Universe|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111026143721.htm|date=2011-10-26|publisher={{link-en|ScienceDaily|ScienceDaily}}|accessdate=2011-10-27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703185252/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111026143721.htm|archive-date=2015-07-03|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Nature-20111026">{{Cite journal|last1=Kwok|first1=Sun|last2=Zhang|first2=Yong|title=Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features|date=2011-10-26|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature10542|volume=479|issue=7371|pages=80–3|bibcode=2011Natur.479...80K|pmid=22031328|language=en}}</ref>。這些分子的化學結構非常複雜，其複雜程度已可與[[煤]]和[[石油]]的化學成分相比；之前學界普遍認為具有這種複雜程度的化學物質僅能由生物體產生<ref name="Space-20111026"/>。觀察結果表明，由星際塵埃粒子引入地球的有機化合物基於其[[催化|表面催化]]活性可以作為生命的基本要素<ref name="Lincei">{{Cite journal|last=Gallori|first=Enzo|title=Astrochemistry and the origin of genetic material|journal={{link-it|Rendiconti Lincei|Rendiconti Lincei}}|date=2010-11|volume=22|issue=2|pages=113–118|id=|doi=10.1007/s12210-011-0118-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martins|first=Zita|title=Organic Chemistry of Carbonaceous Meteorites|journal={{link-en|Elements (雜誌)|Elements (journal)|Elements}}|date=2011-02|volume=7|issue=1|pages=35–40|id=|url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/1/35|accessdate=2011-08-11|doi=10.2113/gselements.7.1.35|language=en|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006013044/http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/1/35|archive-date=2011-10-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>。其中一位科學家並認為這些化合物可能與地球上的生命發展相關，並表示：「如果這一假設為真，則地球上的生命可能會比我們想像的更容易萌芽，因為這些有機物可以作為生命的組成基礎。」<ref name="Space-20111026"/> |
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!style="width: 6em;"|分子!!style="width: 16em;"|英文名称!!style="width: 16em;"|中文名称!!style="width: 8em;"|离子 |
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2012年8月，[[哥本哈根大學]]的天文學家在一個遙遠星系中的[[原恆星]]周圍發現了{{link-en|乙醇醛|Glycolaldehyde}}，一種有機化合物；此恆星的編號為[[紅外線天文衛星|IRAS]] 16293-2422，距離地球約400光年<ref name="NG-20120829">{{Cite journal|title=Sugar Found In Space|journal=[[國家地理 (雜誌)|National Geographic]]|last=Than|first=Ker|date=2012-08-29|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120829-sugar-space-planets-science-life/|accessdate=2012-08-31|language=en|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714073830/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120829-sugar-space-planets-science-life/|archive-date=2015-07-14|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="AP-20120829">{{Cite web|author=Staff|title=Sweet! Astronomers spot sugar molecule near star|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120829/DA0V31D80.html|date=2012-08-29|publisher=[[美聯社|AP News]]|accessdate=2012-08-31|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714101929/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120829/DA0V31D80.html|archive-date=2015-07-14|dead-url=no}}</ref>。乙醇醛是組成[[核糖核酸]]（{{lang|en|RNA}}）的必要物質之一，而RNA可在[[遺傳編碼]]、[[轉譯 (生物學)|轉譯]]、調控及[[RNA剪接|基因表現]]等過程中發揮作用。這一發現表明複雜的有機分子可能在行星形成之前即在恆星系統中產生，並最終到達正在發展的早期行星上<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of the simplest sugar, glycolaldehyde, in a solar-type protostar with ALMA|last=Jørgensen|first=J. K.|last2=Favre|first2=C.|last3=Bisschop|first3=S.|last4=Bourke|first4=T.|last5=Dishoeck|first5=E.|last6=Schmalzl|first6=M.|version=eprint|date=2012|url=http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1234/eso1234a.pdf|bibcode=2012ApJ...757L...4J|volume=757|issue=1|pages=L4|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/757/1/L4|arxiv=1208.5498|language=en|author=|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021240/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1234/eso1234a.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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[[File:CW Leonis UV.jpg|right|thumb|300px|在[[紫外線]]環境下顯示出[[弓形震波]]的[[獅子座CW]]]] |
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2012年9月，[[美國國家航空暨太空總署]]（{{lang|en|NASA}}）的科學家提出報告，認為多環芳香烴在星際物質環境中會經[[氫化]]、[[氧化]]及[[羥基化]]等作用形成更複雜的有機化合物，「逐步向形成[[核苷酸]]和[[胺基酸]]（分別為[[蛋白質]]和[[去氧核醣核酸]]/{{lang|en|DNA}}）的道路前進」<ref name="Space-20120920">{{Cite web|author=Staff|title=NASA Cooks Up Icy Organics to Mimic Life's Origins|url=http://www.space.com/17681-life-building-blocks-nasa-organic-molecules.html|date=2012-09-20|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=2012-09-22|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625035023/http://www.space.com/17681-life-building-blocks-nasa-organic-molecules.html|archive-date=2015-06-25|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="AJL-20120901">{{Cite journal|last1=Gudipati|first1=Murthy S.|last2=Yang|first2=Rui|title=In-Situ Probing Of Radiation-Induced Processing Of Organics In Astrophysical Ice Analogs—Novel Laser Desorption Laser Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopic Studies|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/756/1/L24|date=2012-09-01|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=756|number=1|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L24|accessdate=2012-09-22|bibcode=2012ApJ...756L..24G|pages=L24|language=en}}</ref>。此外，在轉變的過程中，多環芳香烴物質將喪失其光譜特徵，「或許就是為什麼在{{link-en|星際冰|Interstellar ice}}（尤其是寒冷、濃密的星雲）及[[原行星盤]]的上部分子層中很少偵測到多環芳香烴存在的原因之一」<ref name="Space-20120920"/><ref name="AJL-20120901"/>。 |
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多環芳香烴在宇宙中隨處可見<ref name="NASA-20150210">{{Cite web|last=Clavin|first=Whitney|title=Why Comets Are Like Deep Fried Ice Cream|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4480|date=2015-02-10|work=[[美國國家航空暨太空總署|NASA]]|accessdate=2015-02-10|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211052726/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4480|archive-date=2015-02-11|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2013年6月，多環芳香烴在[[土星]]最大的[[衛星]][[土衛六]]（俗稱「[[泰坦]]」）上被偵測出來<ref name="IAA-20130606">{{Cite news|last=López-Puertas|first=Manuel|url=http://www.iaa.es/content/pahs-titans-upper-atmosphere|title=PAH's in Titan's Upper Atmosphere|date=2013-06-06|work=[[西班牙高等科學研究理事會|CSIC]]|accessdate=2013-06-06|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030521/http://www.iaa.es/content/pahs-titans-upper-atmosphere|archivedate=2013-12-03|language=en}}</ref>。 |
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2013年8月，[[里兹大學]]的德威恩·赫德（{{lang|en|Dwayne Heard}}）認為[[量子力學]]中的[[量子穿隧效應]]可以解釋他的實驗小組觀察到的現象，即。量子穿隧效應有助於解釋複雜分子（由數十個以上的原子所組成）於星際空間中的存在理據<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interstellar chemistry makes use of quantum shortcut|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/interstellar-chemistry-makes-use-quantum-shortcut|accessdate=2019-08-27|date=2013-07-08|work={{link-en|科學新聞|Science News|Science News}}|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402095155/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/interstellar-chemistry-makes-use-quantum-shortcut|archive-date=2019-04-02|dead-url=no}}{{Subscription needed}}</ref>。 |
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2015年3月，NASA的科學家報告其實驗室已成功利用[[嘧啶]]（常見於隕石中）等基本化學物質，在外太空模-{}-擬環境下生成包括[[尿嘧啶]]、[[胞嘧啶]]和[[胸腺嘧啶]]在內的DNA和RNA等複雜有機化合物。據科學家的說法，嘧啶的形成過程與多環芳香烴相似，可能是在[[紅巨星]]、星際塵埃或氣體雲中生成的<ref name="NASA-20150303">{{Cite web|last=Marlaire|first=Ruth|title=NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory|date=2015-03-03|work=NASA|accessdate=2015-03-05|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305083306/http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory/|archive-date=2015-03-05|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 |
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2016年10月，天文學家稱甲炔、碳氫正離子（CH<sup>+</sup>）和碳離子（C<sup>+</sup>）等生命形成所需的基本要素大部分是自恆星發出的紫外線中產生的，而非像之前料想的與[[超新星]]和年輕恆星擾動相關的事件等其他生成途徑<ref name="NASA-20161012">{{Cite web|last=Landau|first=Elizabeth|title=Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645|date=2016-10-12|work=NASA|accessdate=2016-10-13|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013135018/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645|archive-date=2016-10-13|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/15|bibcode=2016ApJ...829...15M|title=Herschel/HIFI Spectral Mapping of C+, CH+, and CH in Orion BN/Kl: The Prevailing Role of Ultraviolet Irradiation in CH+ Formation|journal=[[天文物理期刊|The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=829|issue=1|pages=15|year=2016|last1=Morris|first1=Patrick W.|last2=Gupta|first2=Harshal|last3=Nagy|first3=Zsofia|last4=Pearson|first4=John C.|last5=Ossenkopf-Okada|first5=Volker|last6=Falgarone|first6=Edith|last7=Lis|first7=Dariusz C.|last8=Gerin|first8=Maryvonne|last9=Melnick|first9=Gary|last10=Neufeld|first10=David A.|last11=Bergin|first11=Edwin A.|arxiv=1604.05805|language=en}}</ref>。 |
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[[人馬座B2]]是宇宙中星際分子含量最豐富的區域之一。人馬座B2是一個由氣體和塵埃組成的[[分子雲]]，橫躺在[[銀河系]]的中心附近，常成為天文學的研究標的。本列表中大約有一半的分子最初都是在人馬座B2內被發現的，而幾乎所有已知的星際分子目前也都能在此處檢測出來<ref name="ajss60"/>。另一個常作為星際分子調查來源的地點是[[獅子座CW]]（即{{lang|en|IRC +10216}}星），有多達50種分子在那裡被檢測出來<ref name="kaler2002"/>。 |
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== 理論模型 == |
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要解釋觀察到的異構物的比例，就必須運用最小能量原理。在大多數情況中，最小能量原理能夠解釋為何某些分子因為總能量較低的緣故在星際空間的含量較其異構物豐富，不過也有一些例外存在<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lattelais|first1=M.|last2=Pauzat|first2=F.|last3=Ellinger|first3=Y.|last4=Ceccarelli|first4=C.|title=Interstellar Complex Organic Molecules and the Minimum Energy Principle|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date=2009|volume=696|issue=2|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/L133|bibcode=2009ApJ...696L.133L|pages=L133–L136}}</ref>。這些例外有些可以利用其他分子參數解決，例如偶極極化率（{{lang|en|dipole polarizabilty}}）也會影響異構物的豐度：極化率較低的分子在星際空間的含量會比平均極化率較高的分子更豐富<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sabirov|first1=D.|last2=Garipova|first2=R.|last3=Cataldo|first3=F.|title=Polarizability of isomeric and related interstellar compounds in the aspect of their abundance|journal=Molecular Astrophysics|date=2018|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.molap.2018.05.001|pages=10–19|language=en}}</ref>。此現象的成因來自於與宇宙中各種輻射原理相似之極化率與外部電場下分子行為的相關性。 |
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另一種解釋則完全忽略能量問題，只處理透過資訊熵指數（{{lang|en|information entropy index}}）計算的分子複雜性。此解釋推測一些分子的組成物質參數值（如[[尿素]]、[[嘧啶]]、[[二羥基丙酮]]、[[尿嘧啶]]、[[胞嘧啶]]、[[甘氨酸]]和[[丙氨酸]]等）因落入已知星際分子典型值的範圍內，使這些分子在星際環境中被發現的可能性較其他分子要高。此外，資訊熵大的分子，即那些結構最複雜的分子，占有星際集合的一半之多，其百分比隨著分子大小而遞減。此一趨勢也有可能與分子化學結構之均勻度和穩定性的不同有關，因為大尺寸的可檢測分子更可能擁有對稱而非不對稱的分子結構。實際觀察中檢測到的大量低熵、結構高度對稱的[[富勒烯]]分子為這一假設提供了支持理據。另外，資訊熵也反映了物質的氫化深度：資訊熵大的分子缺少氫氣組成，而其他多數分子皆含有大量的氫<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sabirov|first1=Denis|title=Information entropy of interstellar and circumstellar carbon-containing molecules: Molecular size against structural complexity|journal={{link-en|計算和理論化學|Computational and Theoretical Chemistry|Computational and Theoretical Chemistry}}|date=2016-12-01|volume=1097|issue=1|pages=83–91|doi=10.1016/j.comptc.2016.10.014|language=en}}</ref>。 |
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== 分子列表 == |
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下列出已在[[星際物質]]和[[星周包層]]中被檢測出的分子，並依照組成[[原子]]的數目分組。每一種分子均附其[[化學式]]，若有[[離子]]型式也會一併列出。若該分子只有離子的形式被檢測出來，則分子一欄留空；若未在科學文獻中定名者，分子一欄亦會留空。下列表格中質量一格數-{}-據採用之[[計量單位]]為[[原子質量單位]]。每小節標題會列出該小節所含之分子總數。 |
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目前大部分被偵測出的星際分子都是[[有機化合物]]。在所有組成原子數目達五個以上的分子中，只有[[甲矽烷]]（SiH<sub>4</sub>）是[[無機化合物]]，其他分子都具有至少一個[[碳原子]]，而沒有N-N或O-O鍵<ref name="Klemperer2011"/>。 |
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=== 雙原子（44） === |
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[[File:Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px|[[一氧化碳]]（CO）經常被用來追蹤[[分子雲]]的質量分布<ref name="caps_ukent"/>]] |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
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! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
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! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
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! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
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! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
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|- |
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| align="center" | AlCl || Aluminium monochloride<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa183"/> |
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|align="center"|AlCl||Aluminium monochloride<ref name="Ziurys06">{{cite journal en| first=Lucy M. | last=Ziurys | title=The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: Following the origin of the elements to the origin of life | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year=2006 | volume=103 | issue=33 | pages=12274–12279 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/33/12274 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0602277103 | pmid=16894164 }}</ref><ref name="aa183">{{cite journal en| author=J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin | title=Metals in IRC+10216 - Detection of NaCl, AlCl, and KCl, and tentative detection of AlF | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1987 | volume=183 | issue=1 | pages=L10–L12 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A&A...183L..10C }}</ref>||[[一氯化铝]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[一氯化鋁]] |
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| align="center" | 62.5 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | AlF || Aluminium monofluoride<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="apj433"/> |
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|align="center"|AlF||Aluminium monofluoride<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, T. G. Phillips | title=Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1994 | volume=433 | issue=2 | pages=729–732 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...433..729Z | doi=10.1086/174682}}</ref>||[[一氟化铝]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[一氟化鋁]] |
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| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | AlO || Aluminium monoxide<ref name="apj694"/> |
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|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>||Carbon dimer<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman | title=Hubble Space Telescope observations of C<sub>2</sub> molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1995 | volume=438 | pages=740–749 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...438..740L | doi=10.1086/175119 }}</ref><ref name="mnotrs325">{{cite journal en| author=G. A. Galazutdinov, F. A. Musaev, J. Krelowski | title=On the detection of the linear C<sub>5</sub> molecule in the interstellar medium | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=2001 | volume=325 | pages=1332–1334 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MNRAS.325.1332G | accessdate=2007-02-04 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04388.x }}</ref>||[[双原子碳]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[一氧化鋁]] |
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| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | － || Argonium<ref name="BarlowEtAl2013"/><ref name="NYT-20131213">{{Cite news|last=Quenqua|first=Douglas|title=Noble Molecules Found in Space|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/science/space/noble-molecules-found-in-space.html|date=2013-12-13|work=New York Times|accessdate=2019-08-24|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402095719/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/science/space/noble-molecules-found-in-space.html|archive-date=2019-04-02|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|—||Fluoromethylidynium||氟化次甲基正离子||align="center"|CF<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. A. Neufeld, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, M. G. Wolfire, J. H. Black, F. Schuller, H. S. P. Müller, S. Thorwirth, R. Güsten, S. Philipp | title=Discovery of interstellar CF<sup>+</sup> | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2006 | volume=454 | issue=2 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006astro.ph..3201N | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200600015 }}</ref> |
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| {{link-en|氬氫離子|Argonium}} |
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| align="center" | 41 || align="center" | ArH<sup>+</sup> |
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| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub> || Diatomic carbon<ref name="souza1977"/><ref name="apj438l"/> |
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|align="center"|CH||Methylidyne radical<ref name="apj93">{{cite journal en| last=Adams | first=Walter S. | title=Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1941 | volume=93 | pages=11–23 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941ApJ....93...11A | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/144237 }}</ref>||[[次甲基自由基]]||align="center"|CH<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324">{{cite journal en| last=Smith | first=D. | title=Formation and Destruction of Molecular Ions in Interstellar Clouds | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London | year=1988 | volume=324 | issue=1578 | pages=257–273 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988RSPTA.324..257S | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1098/rsta.1988.0016 }}</ref><includeonly> |
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| [[雙原子碳]] |
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|}</includeonly></onlyinclude> |
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| align="center" | 24 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | － || Fluoromethylidynium |
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|align="center"|CN||Cyanogen radical<ref name="apj619">{{cite journal en| author=A. Fuente, S. García-Burillo, M. Gerin, D. Teyssier, A. Usero, J. R. Rizzo, P. de Vicente | title=Photon-dominated Chemistry in the Nucleus of M82: Widespread HOC<sup>+</sup> Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 | volume=619 | issue=2 | pages=L155–L158 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...619L.155F | doi=10.1086/427990 }}</ref><ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name=aaa230>{{cite journal en| author= M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo, G. Paubert, B. E. Turner | title=Free CP in IRC + 10216 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990 | volume=230 | pages=L9–L11 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990A&A...230L...9G }}</ref><ref name="apj93" />||[[氰基]]自由基||align="center"|— |
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|[[氟化次甲基]]正離子 |
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| align="center" | 31 || align="center" | CF<sup>+</sup><ref name="aaa454"/> |
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|- |
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| align="center" | CH || Methylidyne radical<ref name="NASA-20161012"/><ref name="apj93"/> |
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|align="center"|CO||Carbon monoxide<ref name="Ziurys06" />||[[一氧化碳]]||align="center"|CO<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=W. B. Latter, C. K. Walker, P. R. Maloney | title=Detection of the Carbon Monoxide Ion (CO<sup>+</sup>) in the Interstellar Medium and a Planetary Nebula | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1993 | volume=419 | pages=L97 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...419L..97L | doi=10.1086/187146 }}</ref> |
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| [[次甲基自由基]] |
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| align="center" | 13 || align="center" | CH<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/> |
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|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | CN || Cyanogen radical<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="apj93"/><ref name="apj619f"/><ref name="aaa230"/> |
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| [[氰基]]自由基 |
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| align="center" | 26 || align="center" | CN<sup>+</sup><ref name="dop03"/><br/>CN<sup>−</sup><ref name="AgúndezEtAl2010"/> |
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|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | CO || Carbon monoxide<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="LAT-20140308"/><ref name="SCI-20140306"/> |
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| [[一氧化碳]] |
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| align="center" | 28 || align="center" | CO<sup>+</sup><ref name="apjl419"/> |
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| align="center" | CP || Carbon monophosphide<ref name="aaa230 "/> |
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|align="center"|FeO||Iron(II) oxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=R. S. Furuya, C. M. Walmsley, K. Nakanishi, P. Schilke, R. Bachiller | title=Interferometric observations of FeO towards Sagittarius B2 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2003 | volume=409 | pages=L21–L24 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&A...409L..21F | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20031304}}</ref>||[[氧化亚铁]]||align="center"|— |
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| {{link-en|一磷化碳|Carbon monophosphide}} |
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| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | － |
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| align="center" | CS || Carbon monosulfide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
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|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>||Molecular hydrogen<ref>{{cite journal en| last=Adams | first=Walter S. | title=Rocket Observation of Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1970 | volume=161 | pages=L81–L85 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...161L..81C | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/180575 }}</ref>||[[氢]]分子||align="center"|— |
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| [[一硫化碳]] |
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| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
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| align="center" | FeO || Iron(II) oxide<ref name="aaa409"/> |
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|align="center"|HCl||Hydrogen chloride<ref>{{cite journal en| author=G. A. Blake, J. Keene, T. G. Phillips | title=Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1985 | volume=295 | pages=501–506 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ApJ...295..501B | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/163394 }}</ref>||[[氯化氢]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[氧化亞鐵]] |
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| align="center" | 82 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | － || Helium hydride ion<ref name="EG-20190417">{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Christine|title=NASA finally found evidence of the universe's earliest molecule - The elusive helium hydride was found 3,000 light-years away.|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/17/nasa-sofia-detects-helium-hydride/|date=2019-04-17|work=[[Engadget]]|accessdate=2019-08-24|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605224054/https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/17/nasa-sofia-detects-helium-hydride/|archive-date=2019-06-05|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190417">{{Cite journal|author=Güsten, Rolf|display-authors=et al.|title=Astrophysical detection of the helium hydride ion HeH+|date=2019-04-17|journal=Nature|volume=568|issue=7752|pages=357－359|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1090-x|language=en}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|HF||Hydrogen fluoride<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. A. Neufeld, J. Zmuidzinas, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips | title=Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1997 | volume=488 | issue=2 | pages=L141–L144 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/310942 | doi=10.1086/310942 }}</ref>||[[氟化氢]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[氦合氫離子]] |
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| align="center" | 5 || align="center" | HeH<sup>+</sup> |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub> || Molecular hydrogen<ref name="apj161"/> |
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| [[氫]]分子 |
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| align="center" | 2 || align="center" | － |
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| align="center" | HCl || Hydrogen chloride<ref name="apj295"/> |
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|align="center"|HS||Sulfur hydride<ref>{{cite journal en| author=T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger | title=Identification of SH v=1 Ro-vibrational Lines in R Andromedae | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=1986 | volume=221 | pages=673–678 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MNRAS.221..673M | accessdate=2007-02-13 }}</ref>||[[一硫化氢]]||align="center"|SH<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger | title=The chemistry of SH(+) in shocked interstellar gas | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=1986 | volume=221 | pages=673–678 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MNRAS.221..673M | accessdate=2007-02-13 }}</ref> |
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| [[氯化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 36.5 || align="center" | HCl<sup>+</sup><ref name="deluca2012"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HF || Hydrogen fluoride<ref name="apjl488"/> |
||
| [[氟化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 20 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HO || Hydroxyl radical<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>||Molecular nitrogen<ref>{{cite news en | title=Astronomers Detect Molecular Nitrogen Outside our Solar System for the First Time | publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center | date=June 9, 2004 | url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/news-release/releases/2004/04-024.htm | accessdate=2006-12-20 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208160251/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/news-release/releases/2004/04-024.htm | archivedate=2006年12月8日 }}</ref>||[[氮]]分子||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[羥基]]自由基 |
|||
| align="center" | 17 || align="center" | OH<sup>+</sup><ref name="WyrowskiEtAl2009"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | KCl || Potassium chloride<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa183"/> |
|||
|align="center"|NH||Nitrogen monohydride<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. M. Meyer, K. C. Roth | title=Discovery of interstellar NH | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1991 | volume=376 | pages=L49–L52 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...376L..49M | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/186100 }}</ref>||[[一氮化氢]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氯化鉀]] |
|||
| align="center" | 75.5 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | NH || Imidogen<ref name="apj376m"/><ref name="mnras260_2"/> |
|||
|align="center"|NO||Nitric oxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. McGonagle, W. M. Irvine, Y. C. Minh, L. M. Ziurys | title=Detection of nitric oxide in the dark cloud L134N | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1990 | volume=359 | pages=121–124 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApJ...359..121M | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/169040 }}</ref>||[[一氧化氮]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|一氫化氮|Imidogen}} |
|||
| align="center" | 15 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | N<sub>2</sub> || Molecular nitrogen<ref name="spacedaily20040609"/><ref name="Nat429"/> |
||
| [[氮]]分子 |
|||
| align="center" | 28 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | NO || Nitric oxide<ref name="apj359"/> |
||
| [[一氧化氮]] |
|||
| align="center" | 30 || align="center" | NO<sup>+</sup><ref name="dop03"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | NS || Sulfur mononitride<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|O<sub>2</sub>||Molecular oxygen<ref>{{cite news en| author=Staff writers | title=Elusive oxygen molecule finally discovered in interstellar space | publisher=Physorg.com | date=March 27, 2007 | url=http://www.physorg.com/news94210066.html | accessdate=2007-04-02 }}</ref>||[[氧]]分子||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|一氮化硫|Sulfur mononitride}} |
|||
| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | NaCl || Sodium chloride<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa183"/> |
|||
|align="center"|PN||Phosphorus nitride<ref>{{cite journal en| author = L. M. Ziurys | title=Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1987 | volume=321 | pages=L81–L85 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...321L..81Z | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/185010 }}</ref>||[[一氮化磷]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氯化鈉]] |
|||
| align="center" | 58.5 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | － || Magnesium monohydride cation |
|||
|align="center"|PO||Phosphorus monoxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author = E. D. Tenenbaum, N. J. Woolf, L. M. Ziurys | title=Identification of phosphorus monoxide (X ² Pi <SUB>r</SUB>) in VY Canis Majoris: Detection of the first PO bond in space | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=2007 | volume=666 | pages=L29–L32 | url= | doi=10.1086/521361 }}</ref>||[[一氧化磷]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|一氫化鎂|Magnesium monohydride}}正離子 |
|||
| align="center" | 25.3 || align="center" | MgH<sup>+</sup><ref name="dop03"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | NaI || Sodium iodide<ref name="WhiteoakGardner1985"/> |
||
| [[碘化鈉]] |
|||
| align="center" | 150 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | O<sub>2</sub> || Molecular oxygen<ref name="omol"/> |
|||
|align="center"|SiC||Carborundum<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="aass226">{{cite journal en| author=G. Pascoli, M. Comeau | title=Silicon Carbide in Circumstellar Environment | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science | year=1995 | volume=226 | pages=149–163 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Ap&SS.226..149P | doi=10.1007/BF00626907}}</ref>||[[碳化硅]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氧]]分子 |
|||
| align="center" | 32 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | PN || Phosphorus mononitride<ref name="apj321"/> |
||
| {{link-en|一氮化磷|Phosphorus mononitride}} |
|||
| align="center" | 45 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | PO || Phosphorus monoxide<ref name="apj666"/> |
||
| [[一氧化磷]] |
|||
| align="center" | 47 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | SH || Sulfur monohydride<ref name="apj528"/> |
||
| [[硫氫化鈉]] |
|||
| align="center" | 33 || align="center" | SH<sup>+</sup><ref name="MentenEtAl2011"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SO || Sulfur monoxide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
| [[一氧化硫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 48 || align="center" | SO<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiC || Carborundum<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aass226"/> |
|||
| [[碳化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiN || Silicon mononitride<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
| [[一氮化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 42 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiO || Silicon monoxide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
| [[一氧化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiS || Silicon monosulfide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
| {{link-en|一硫化矽|Silicon monosulfide}} |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | TiO || Titanium(II) oxide<ref name="KaminskiEtAl2013"/> |
|||
| {{link-en|氧化亞鈦|Titanium(II) oxide}} |
|||
| align="center" | 63.9 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 三原子（41） === |
|||
[[File:Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[三氢阳离子|H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>]]离子于1993年首先检测到，<ref>{{cite journal en| last = Oka | first = Takeshi | title=Interstellar H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science | year=2006 | volume=103 | issue=33 | pages=12235–12242 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/33/12235?ck=nck | accessdate=2007-02-04 | pmid=16894171 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0601242103 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author = T. R. Geballe, T. Oka | title = Detection of H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> in Interstellar Space | journal = Nature | year = 1996 | volume = 384 | issue = | pages = 334–335 | url = | accessdate = | doi = 10.1038/384334a0 }}</ref> 是存在于宇宙中的主要离子之一。]] |
|||
[[File:Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px| [[三氫陽離子|三氫正離子]]（{{chem|H|3|+}}）是宇宙中含量最豐富的離子之一，於1993年首次被偵測<ref name="pnas103oka"/><ref name="nature384"/>]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
=== 三原子 === |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|AlNC|| |
| align="center" | AlNC || Aluminium isocyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
||
| [[鋁異腈]] |
|||
| align="center" | 53 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | AlOH || Aluminium hydroxide<ref name="apj712"/> |
||
| [[氫氧化鋁]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|C<sub> |
| align="center" | C<sub>3</sub> || Tricarbon<ref name="hinkle1988"/><ref name="maier2001"/> |
||
| {{link-en|三碳|Tricarbon}} |
|||
| align="center" | 36 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>H || Ethynyl radical<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="apj619f"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>O||Dicarbon monoxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, C. Yamada, H. Kanamori, W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. Suzuki | title=Detection of a new carbon-chain molecule, CCO | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1991 | volume=380 | pages=L39–L42 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...380L..39O | accessdate=2007-02-09 | doi=10.1086/186168 }}</ref>||[[一氧化二碳]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|乙炔基|Ethynyl radical}} |
|||
| align="center" | 25 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CCN || Cyanomethylidyne<ref name="AndersonZiuris2014"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>S||Thioxoethenylidene<ref name="alac26">{{cite journal en| author=W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys, L. W. Avery, H. E. Matthews, P. Friberg | title=Newly detected molecules in dense interstellar clouds | journal=Astrophysical Letters and Communications | year=1988 | volume=26 | pages=167–180 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApL&C..26..167I | accessdate=2007-02-09 }}</ref>||[[一硫化二碳]]||align="center"|— |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 38 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>O || Dicarbon monoxide<ref name="apjl380"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>P||<ref>{{cite journal en| author = D. T. Halfen, D. J. Clouthier, L. M. Ziurys | title = Detection of the CCP Radical (X <sup>2</sup>Π<sub>r</sub>) in IRC +10216: A New Interstellar Phosphorus-containing Species | journal = Astrophysical Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 677 | pages = L101–L104 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...677L.101H | accessdate = | doi = 10.1086/588024 }}</ref>||二碳化一磷自由基||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[一氧化二碳]] |
|||
| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>S || Thioxoethenylidene<ref name="alac26"/> |
|||
|align="center"|CO<sub>2</sub>||Carbon dioxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. C. B. Whittet, H. J. Walker | title=On the occurrence of carbon dioxide in interstellar grain mantles and ion-molecule chemistry | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=1991 | volume=252 | pages=63–67 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MNRAS.252...63W | accessdate=2007-02-09 }}</ref>||[[二氧化碳]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|一氧化二硫|Thioxoethenylidene}} |
|||
| align="center" | 56 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>P || －<ref name="apj677h"/> |
|||
|align="center"|—||Protonated molecular hydrogen||[[H3离子|H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>离子]]||align="center"|H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| first=Takeshi | last=Oka | title=Interstellar H<sub>3</sub>+ | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year=2006 | volume=103 | issue=33 | pages=12235–12242 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/33/12235?ck=nck | pmid=16894171 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0601242103 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author = T. R. Geballe, T. Oka | title = Detection of H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> in Interstellar Space | journal = Nature | year = 1996 | volume = 384 | issue = | pages = 334–335 | url = | accessdate = | doi = 10.1038/384334a0 }}</ref> |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 55 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CO<sub>2</sub> || Carbon dioxide<ref name="mnras252"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>C||Methylene<ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas | title=Confirmation of interstellar methylene | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1995 | volume=438 | pages=259–264 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...438..259H | accessdate=2007-02-08 | doi=10.1086/175070 }}</ref>||[[亞甲基自由基]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[二氧化碳]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | FeCN || Iron cyanide<ref name="apjl733_2"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>O||Water<ref>{{cite web en | date = April 29, 1997 | url = http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/outreach/esa_pr/in9712.htm | title = Europe's space telescope ISO finds water in distant places | publisher = ESO | accessdate = 2007-02-08 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061222224048/http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/outreach/esa_pr/in9712.htm | archivedate = 2006年12月22日 }}</ref>||[[水分子]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氰化鐵]] |
|||
| align="center" | 82 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | － || Protonated molecular hydrogen |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>S||Hydrogen sulfide<ref name="Ziurys06" />||[[硫化氢]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[三氫陽離子|三氫正離子]] |
|||
| align="center" | 3 || align="center" | {{chem|H|3|+}}<ref name="pnas103oka"/><ref name="nature384"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>C || Methylene radical<ref name="apj438h"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HCN||Hydrogen cyanide<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="apj619" /><ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl | title=Observations of Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1971 | volume=163 | pages=L47–L52 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...163L..47S | accessdate=2007-02-07 |
|||
| [[甲烯]] |
|||
| doi=10.1086/180664 }}</ref>||[[氰化氢]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| align="center" | 14 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | － || Chloronium |
|||
|align="center"|HCO||Formyl radical<ref name="apj303">{{cite journal en| author=M. S. Schenewerk, L. E. Snyder, A. Hjalmarson | title=Interstellar HCO - Detection of the missing 3 millimeter quartet | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1986 | volume=303 | pages=L71–L74 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApJ...303L..71S | accessdate=2007-02-08 | doi=10.1086/184655 }} </ref>||[[甲酰基]]自由基||align="center"|HCO<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" /><ref name="apj303" /><ref name="apj420">{{cite journal en| author=K. Kawaguchi, Y. Kasai, S.-I. Ishikawa, M. Ohishi, N. Kaifu, T. Amano | title=Detection of a new molecular ion HC3NH(+) in TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1994 | volume=420 | pages=L95 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1994ApJ...420L..95K | doi=10.1086/187171}}</ref> |
|||
| {{link-en|氫鎓離子|Chloronium}} |
|||
| align="center" | 37.5 || align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>Cl<sup>+</sup><ref name="LisEtAl2010"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>O || Water<ref name="es0970429"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HCP||Phosphaethyne<ref>{{cite journal en| author=Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M. | title=Discovery of Phosphaethyne (HCP) in Space: Phosphorus Chemistry in Circumstellar Envelopes | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2007 | volume=662 | issue=2 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/519561 | accessdate=2007-06-02 | pages=L91 | doi=10.1086/519561 }}</ref>||[[磷杂乙炔]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[水]] |
|||
| align="center" | 18 || align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup><ref name="OssenkopfEtAl"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HO<sub>2</sub> || Hydroperoxyl<ref name="PariseEtAl2012"/> |
||
| [[超氧化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 33 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>S || Hydrogen sulfide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HNC||Hydrogen isocyanide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=P. Schilke, C. Comito, S. Thorwirth | title=First Detection of Vibrationally Excited HNC in Space | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2003 | volume=582 | issue=2 | pages=L101–L104 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/367628 | accessdate=2008-09-14 | doi=10.1086/367628 }}</ref>||[[异氰化氢]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[硫化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 34 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCN || Hydrogen cyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="apj619f"/><ref name="apj163"/> |
||
| [[氰化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 27 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HNC || Hydrogen isocyanide<ref name="schilke01"/><ref name="apj582"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HNO||Nitroxyl<ref>J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, L. M. Ziurys, D. McGonagle (1991). "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ASPC...16..407H Interstellar HNO: Confirming the Identification]". ''Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics'' '''16''': 407-412, San Francisco: ASP. Retrieved on 2007-02-07. </ref>|| ||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[異氫氰酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 27 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCO || Formyl radical<ref name="apj303"/> |
||
| [[甲酰基]] |
|||
| align="center" | 29 || align="center" | HCO<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/><ref name="apj303"/><ref name="apj420"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCP || Phosphaethyne<ref name="apj662"/> |
||
| [[磷雜乙炔]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCS || Thioformyl<ref name="hcs_hsc"/> |
||
| [[硫甲醯基]] |
|||
| align="center" | 45 || align="center" | HCS<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/><ref name="apj420"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | － || Diazenylium<ref name="apj420"/><ref name="ptotrsol324"/><ref name="apj387"/> |
||
|[[二亞胺]]氮鎓離子 |
|||
| align="center" | 29 || align="center" | {{chem|HN|2|+}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HNO || Nitroxyl<ref name="hollis91"/> |
|||
|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>||Amino radical<ref>{{cite journal en| author=E.F. van Dishoeck, D.J. Jansen, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips | title=Detection of the Interstellar NH 2 Radical | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1993 | volume=416 | pages=L83–L86 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...416L..83V | accessdate=2007-02-08 | doi=10.1086/187076 }}</ref>||[[氨基]]自由基||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[次硝酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 31 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | － || Isoformyl |
|||
|align="center"|—||—|| ||align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Womack, L. M. Ziurys, S. Wyckoff | title=A survey of N<sub>2</sub>H(+) in dense clouds - Implications for interstellar nitrogen and ion-molecule chemistry | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1992 | volume=387 | pages=417–429 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...387..417W | accessdate=2007-02-07 | doi=10.1086/171094 }}</ref><ref name="ptotrsol324" /> |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 29 || align="center" | HOC<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj619f"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HSC || Isothioformyl<ref name="hcs_hsc"/> |
|||
|align="center"|N<sub>2</sub>O||Nitrous oxide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder | title=Detection of interstellar N<sub>2</sub>O: A new molecule containing an N-O bond | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1994 | volume=436 | pages=L181–L184 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...436L.181Z | accessdate=2007-02-08 | doi=10.1086/187662 }}</ref>||[[一氧化二氮]]||align="center"|— |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 45 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | KCN || Potassium cyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
||
| [[氰化鉀]] |
|||
| align="center" | 65 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | MgCN || Magnesium cyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|OCS||Carbonyl sulfide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=P. F. Goldsmith, R. A. Linke | title=A study of interstellar carbonyl sulfide | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1981 | volume=245 | pages=482–494 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ApJ...245..482G | accessdate=2007-02-08 | doi=10.1086/158824 }}</ref>||[[氧硫化碳]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氰化鎂]] |
|||
| align="center" | 50 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | MgNC || Magnesium isocyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|SO<sub>2</sub>||Sulfur dioxide<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="aa130">{{cite journal en| author=L. E. B. Johansson, C. Andersson, J. Ellder, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, B. Hoglund, W. M. Irvine, H. Olofsson, G. Rydbeck | title=Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1984 | volume=130 | issue=2 | pages=227–256 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984A&A...130..227J }}</ref>||[[二氧化硫]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[異氰酸鎂]] |
|||
| align="center" | 50 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | NH<sub>2</sub> || Amino radical<ref name="apj416"/> |
||
| [[氨基]]自由基 |
|||
| align="center" | 16 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | N<sub>2</sub>O || Nitrous oxide<ref name="apj436"/> |
|||
|align="center"|SiCN||Silicon carbonitride<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, A. J. Apponi, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus | title=Astronomical detection of the free radical SiCN | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004 | volume=363 | pages=L9–L12 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&A...363L...9G | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref>||[[碳氮化硅]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[一氧化二氮]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | NaCN || Sodium cyanide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
|align="center"|SiNC||Silicon naphthalocyanine<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus | title=Detection of the SiNC radical in IRC+10216 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2004 | volume=426 | pages=L49–L52 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...426L..49G | accessdate=2007-02-05 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200400074}}</ref>|| ||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[氰化鈉]] |
|||
| align="center" | 49 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | NaOH || Sodium hydroxide<ref name="apjle262"/> |
|||
| [[氫氧化鈉]] |
|||
| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | OCS || Carbonyl sulfide<ref name="apj245"/> |
|||
| [[羰基硫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | O<sub>3</sub> || Ozone<ref name="PhillipsKnapp1980"/> |
|||
| [[臭氧]] |
|||
| align="center" | 48 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SO<sub>2</sub> || Sulfur dioxide<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa130"/> |
|||
| [[二氧化硫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 64 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | ''c''-SiC<sub>2</sub> || ''c''-Silicon dicarbide<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref |
|||
name="aass226"/> |
|||
|''c''-[[二碳化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 52 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiCSi || Disilicon carbide<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2015"/> |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 68 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiCN || Silicon carbonitride<ref name="aaa363"/> |
|||
| [[碳氮化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 54 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiNC || －<ref name="aaa426"/> |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 54 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | TiO<sub>2</sub> || Titanium dioxide<ref name="KaminskiEtAl2013"/> |
|||
| [[二氧化鈦]] |
|||
| align="center" | 79.9 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 四原子（28） === |
|||
[[File:Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[甲醛]]分子广泛存在于星际间。<ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, B. Zuckerman, P. Palmer | title=Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formaldehyde | journal=Physical Review Letters | year=1999 | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=77–115 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..22..679S | accessdate=2007-02-16 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679 }}</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px|[[甲醛]]（H<sub>2</sub>CO）是一種廣泛分佈於星際介質中的有機分子<ref name="prl61"/>]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
=== 四原子 === |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub> || Methyl radical<ref name="apj535_2"/> |
|||
|align="center"|''l''-C<sub>3</sub>H||Propynlidyne<ref name="mnotrs16">{{cite journal en| author=W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, Å. Hjalmarson, L. E. B. Johansson, P. Thaddeus, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey | title=Confirmation of the Existence of Two New Interstellar Molecules: C<sub>3</sub>H and C<sub>3</sub>O | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | year=1984 | volume=16 | pages=877 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984BAAS...16..877I | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="Ziurys06" /> || ||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[甲基]] |
|||
| align="center" | 15 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | ''l''-C<sub>3</sub>H || Propynylidyne<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="mnotrs16"/> |
|||
|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H||Cyclopropynylidyne<ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. G. Mangum, A. Wootten | title=Observations of the cyclic C<sub>3</sub>H radical in the interstellar medium | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990 | volume=239 | pages=319–325 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990A&A...239..319M | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref>||亚[[环丙炔]]基自由基||align="center"|— |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 37 || align="center" | ''l''-C<sub>3</sub>H<sup>+</sup><ref name="PetyEtAl2012"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | ''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H || Cyclopropynylidyne<ref name="aaa239"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>N||Cyanoethynyl<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. B. Bell, H. E. Matthews | title=Detection of C<sub>3</sub>N in the spiral arm gas clouds in the direction of Cassiopeia A | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1995 | volume=438 | pages=223–225 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...438..223B | accessdate=2007-02-06 | doi=10.1086/175066 }}</ref>||[[氰化乙炔基]]||align="center"|C<sub>3</sub>N<sup>−</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| last=Thaddeus | first=P. |
|||
| [[環丙炔基]] |
|||
| coauthors=Gottlieb, C. A.; Gupta, H.; Brünken, S.; McCarthy, M. C.; Agúndez, M.; Guélin, M.; Cernicharo, J. |
|||
| align="center" | 37 || align="center" | — |
|||
| title=Laboratory and Astronomical Detection of the Negative Molecular Ion C<sub>3</sub>N- |
|||
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal |
|||
| year=2008 | volume=677 | pages=1132–1139 |
|||
| doi=10.1086/528947 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub> |
| align="center" | C<sub>3</sub>N || Cyanoethynyl<ref name="apj438b"/> |
||
| [[氰乙基]] |
|||
| align="center" | 50 || align="center" | C<sub>3</sub>N<sup>−</sup><ref name="apj677t"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|C<sub>3</sub> |
| align="center" | C<sub>3</sub>O || Tricarbon monoxide<ref name="mnotrs16"/> |
||
| [[一氧化三碳]] |
|||
| align="center" | 52 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>3</sub>S || Tricarbon sulfide<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="alac26"/> |
|||
|align="center"|—||Hydronium||[[水合氢离子]]||align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=A. Wootten, B. E. Turner, J. G. Mangum, M. Bogey, F. Boulanger, F. Combes, P. J. Encrenaz, M. Gerin | title=Detection of interstellar H<sub>3</sub>O(+) - A confirming line | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1991 | volume=380 | pages=L79–L83 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991ApJ...380L..79W | accessdate=2007-02-06 | doi=10.1086/186178 }}</ref> |
|||
| [[一硫化三碳]] |
|||
| align="center" | 68 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | — || Hydronium |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>||Acetylene<ref name="apj244">{{cite journal en| last=Betz | first=A. L. | title=Ethylene in IRC +10216 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1981 | volume=244 | pages=-L105 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ApJ...244L.103B | doi=10.1086/183490 }}</ref>||[[乙炔]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[水合氫離子]] |
|||
| align="center" | 19 || align="center" | H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj380"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> || Acetylene<ref name="nat264"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CN||Methylene amidogen<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Ohishi, D. McGonagle, W.M. Irvine, S. Yamamoto, S. Saito | title=Detection of a new interstellar molecule, H<sub>2</sub>CN | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1994 | volume=427 | pages=L51–L54 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...427L..51O | accessdate=2007-02-05 | doi=10.1086/187362 }}</ref>|| ||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CN<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324" /> |
|||
| [[乙炔]] |
|||
| align="center" | 26 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CN || Methylene amidogen<ref name="apj427"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CO||Formaldehyde<ref>{{cite journal en| author=S. Aiello, L. Morbidelli, L. Ulivi | title=Far UV radiation transfer and H<sub>2</sub>CO lifetime in dense interstellar clouds | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science | year=1981 | volume=80 | pages=173–187 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Ap&SS..80..173A | accessdate=2007-02-06 | doi=10.1007/BF00649145 }}</ref>||[[甲醛]]||align="center"|— |
|||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 28 || align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CN<sup>+</sup><ref name="ptotrsol324"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CO || Formaldehyde<ref name="prl61"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CS||Thioformaldehyde<ref>{{cite journal en| author=Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, M. K. Brewer | title=H2CS abundances and ortho-to-para ratios in interstellar clouds | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1991 | volume=244 | pages=181–189 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991A&A...244..181M | accessdate=2007-02-06 }}</ref>||[[硫代甲醛]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[甲醛]] |
|||
| align="center" | 30 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CS || Thioformaldehyde<ref name="aaa244a"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HCCN||—<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo | title=Astronomical detection of the HCCN radical - Toward a new family of carbon-chain molecules? | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1991 | volume=244 | pages=L21–L24 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991A&A...244L..21G | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref> || ||align="center"|— |
|||
| {{link-en|硫甲醛|Thioformaldehyde}} |
|||
| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCCN || —<ref name="aaa244b"/> |
||
|— |
|||
| align="center" | 39 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HCCO || Ketenyl<ref name="AgundezEtAl2015"/> |
|||
|align="center"|—||Protonated carbon dioxide||质子化的二氧化碳||align="center"|HOCO<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys | title=Observations of interstellar HOCO(+) - Abundance enhancements toward the Galactic center | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1988 | volume=334 | pages=175–181 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...334..175M | accessdate=2007-02-05 | doi=10.1086/166827 }}</ref> |
|||
| [[乙烯酮]] |
|||
| align="center" | 41 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | — || Protonated hydrogen cyanide |
||
| [[質子]]化的氰化氫 |
|||
| align="center" | 28 || align="center" | {{link-en|HCNH+|HCNH+||HCNH<sup>+</sup>}}<ref name="apj420"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | — || Protonated carbon dioxide |
|||
|align="center"|HNCS||Isothiocyanic acid<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. A. Frerking, R. A. Linke, P. Thaddeus | title=Interstellar isothiocyanic acid | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1979 | volume=234 | pages=L143–L145 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...234L.143F | accessdate=2007-02-05 | doi=10.1086/183126 }}</ref>||[[异硫氰酸]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| 質子化的二氧化碳 |
|||
| align="center" | 45 || align="center" | HOCO<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj334m"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HCNO || Fulminic acid<ref name="apj690"/> |
|||
|align="center"|NH<sub>3</sub>||Ammonia<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="aa138">{{cite journal en| author=Nguyen-Q-Rieu, D. Graham, V. Bujarrabal | title=Ammonia and cyanotriacetylene in the envelopes of CRL 2688 and IRC + 10216 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1984 | volume=138 | issue=1 | pages=L5–L8 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984A&A...138L...5N }}</ref>||[[氨]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[雷酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HOCN || Cyanic acid<ref name="BrünkenEtAl2010"/> |
||
| [[氰酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | CNCN || Isocyanogen<ref>{{Cite journal|bibcode=2018ApJ...861L..22A|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aad089|pmid=30186588|pmc=6120679|arxiv=1806.10328|title=Discovery of Interstellar Isocyanogen (CNCN): Further Evidence that Dicyanopolyynes Are Abundant in Space|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=861|issue=2|pages=L22|year=2018|last1=Agúndez|first1=M|last2=Marcelino|first2=N|last3=Cernicharo|first3=J|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
|— |
|||
| align="center" | 52 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HOOH || Hydrogen peroxide<ref name="BergmanEtAl2011">{{Cite journal|author1=Bergman|author2=Parise|author3=Liseau|author4=Larsson|author5=Olofsson|author6=Menten|author7=Güsten|title=Detection of interstellar hydrogen peroxide|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117170|date=2011|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=531|pages=L8|arxiv=1105.5799|postscript=.|bibcode=2011A&A...531L...8B|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
| [[過氧化氫]] |
|||
| align="center" | 34 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HNCO || Isocyanic acid<ref name="aa130"/> |
|||
| [[異氰酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HNCS || Isothiocyanic acid<ref name="apj234f"/> |
|||
| [[異硫氰酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 59 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | NH<sub>3</sub> || Ammonia<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa138"/> |
|||
| [[氨]] |
|||
| align="center" | 17 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HSCN || Thiocyanic acid<ref name="apjl702"/> |
|||
| [[硫氰酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 59 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | SiC<sub>3</sub> || Silicon tricarbide<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
|||
| [[三碳化矽]] |
|||
| align="center" | 64 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HMgNC || Hydromagnesium isocyanide<ref name="CabezasEtAl2013"/> |
|||
| [[異氰酸氫鎂]] |
|||
| align="center" | 51.3 || align="center" | — |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HNO<sub>2</sub> || Nitrous acid<ref name="hono"/> |
|||
| [[亞硝酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 47 || align="center" | — |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 五原子（20） === |
|||
[[File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg|right|thumb|[[甲烷]]分子也存在于[[彗星]]和一些[[太阳系]][[行星]]的大气中。<ref>{{cite journal en| author=A. L. Butterworth,O. Aballain, J. Chappellaz, M. A. Sephton | title=Combined element (H and C) stable isotope ratios of methane in carbonaceous chondrites | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=2004 | volume=347 | issue=3 | pages=807–812 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.347..807B | accessdate=2007-02-16 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07251.x}}</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[甲烷]]（CH<sub>4</sub>）是[[天然氣]]的主要組成成分，曾於[[彗星]]及數個[[太陽系]][[行星]]的大氣層中被檢測到<ref name="mnras347"/>]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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=== 五原子 === |
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! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
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! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
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! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
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! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | － || Ammonium ion<ref>{{Cite web|last=Müller|first=H. S. P.|title=NH4+ in the ISM|url=https://zeus.ph1.uni-koeln.de/site/vorhersagen/molecules/ism/Ammonium.html|date=2013-06|accessdate=2019-08-24|work=[[科隆大學|Universität zu Köln]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824133054/https://zeus.ph1.uni-koeln.de/site/vorhersagen/molecules/ism/Ammonium.html|archive-date=2019-08-24|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=DETECTION OF THE AMMONIUM ION IN SPACE|url=https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F771%2F1%2Fl10|last=Cernicharo|first=J.|last2=Tercero|first2=B.|date=2013-06-18|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|issue=1|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/771/1/L10|volume=771|pages=L10|language=en|issn=2041-8205|last3=Fuente|first3=A.|last4=Domenech|first4=J. L.|last5=Cueto|first5=M.|last6=Carrasco|first6=E.|last7=Herrero|first7=V. J.|last8=Tanarro|first8=I.|last9=Marcelino|first9=N.}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>||—<ref name="mnotrs325" /> || ||align="center"|— |
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| [[銨]]離子 |
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| align="center" | 18 || align="center" | {{chem|NH|4|+}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | CH<sub>4</sub> || Methane<ref name="apj376l"/> |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>4</sub>||Methane<ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. H. Lacy, J. S. Carr, N. J. Evans, II, F. Baas, J. M. Achtermann, J. F. Arens | title=Discovery of interstellar methane - Observations of gaseous and solid CH<sub>4</sub> absorption toward young stars in molecular clouds | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1991 | volume=376 | pages=556–560 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...376..556L | doi=10.1086/170304 }}</ref><ref name="apj244" />||[[甲烷]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[甲烷]] |
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| align="center" | 16 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>O || Methoxy radical<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2012"/> |
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|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>||Cyclopropenylidene<ref name="apj619" /><ref name="precursors">{{cite web en| last = Finley | first = Dave | date = August 7, 2006 | url = http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2006/gbtmolecules/ | title = Researchers Use NRAO Telescope to Study Formation Of Chemical Precursors to Life | publisher = National Radio Astronomy Observatory | accessdate = 2006-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="apj552">{{cite journal en| author=D. Fossé, J. Cernicharo, M. Gerin, P. Cox | title=Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2001 | volume=552 | issue=1 | pages=168–174 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/320471 | accessdate=2008-09-14 | doi=10.1086/320471 }}</ref>||亚[[环丙烯]]基自由基||align="center"|— |
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| [[甲氧基]] |
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| align="center" | 31 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|'' |
| align="center" | ''c''-C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub> || Cyclopropenylidene<ref name="apj619f"/><ref name="precursors"/><ref name="apj552f"/> |
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| 亞[[環丙烯]]基自由基 |
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| align="center" | 38 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | ''l''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub> || Propadienylidene<ref name="apj552f"/> |
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|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CCN||Cyanomethyl<ref>{{cite journal en| author=W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, S. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu, K. Kawaguchi, S. C. Madden, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, S. Saito, H. Suzuki, P. Thaddeus, B. E. Turner, S. Yamamoto, L. M. Ziurys | title=Identification of the interstellar cyanomethyl radical (CH<sub>2</sub>CN) in the molecular clouds TMC-1 and Sagittarius B2 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1988 | volume=334 | pages=L107–L111 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...334L.107I | accessdate=2007-02-04 | doi=10.1086/185323 }}</ref>||氰甲基自由基||align="center"|— |
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| 亞[[丙二烯]]基 |
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| align="center" | 38 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub> |
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CCN || Cyanomethyl<ref name="apj334i"/> |
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| {{link-en|氰甲基|Cyanomethyl}}自由基 |
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| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O || Ketene<ref name="aa130"/> |
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|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CNH||Methylenimine<ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, C. H. De Vries, M. Ohishi | title=Hydrogenation of Interstellar Molecules: A Survey for Methylenimine (CH<sub>2</sub>NH) | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1997 | volume=479 | pages=307 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...479..307D | accessdate=2007-02-04 | doi=10.1086/303884 }}</ref>||[[甲亚胺]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[乙烯酮]] |
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| align="center" | 42 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CNH || Methylenimine<ref name="apj479"/> |
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|align="center"|—||Protonated formaldehyde||质子化的甲醛||align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>COH<sup>+</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, T. Amano, H. Oka, W. M. Irvine, J. E. Dickens, L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi | title=Detection of a New Interstellar Molecular Ion, H<sub>2</sub>COH<sup>+</sup> (Protonated Formaldehyde) | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1996 | volume=471 | pages=L61 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...471L..61O | accessdate=2007-02-04 | doi=10.1086/310325 }}</ref></sup> |
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| [[甲亞胺]] |
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| align="center" | 29 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | HNCNH || Carbodiimide<ref name="McGuireEtAl2012"/> |
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|align="center"|C<sub>4</sub>H||Butadiynyl<ref name="Ziurys06" />||[[丁二炔]]基||align="center"|C<sub>4</sub>H<sup>–</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M.; Agündez, M.; Kawaguchi, K.; McCarthy, M.; Thaddeus, P. | title=Astronomical detection of C<sub>4</sub>H<sup-</sup>, the second interstellar anion | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2007 | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/abs/2007A%26A...467L..37C | accessdate=2007-06-02 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077415 }}</ref> |
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| [[碳二亞胺]] |
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| align="center" | 42 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | － || Protonated formaldehyde |
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|align="center"|HC<sub>3</sub>N||Cyanoacetylene<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="apj619" /><ref name="apj420" /><ref name="apj552" /><ref name="aaa81">{{cite journal en| author=C. M. Walmsley, G. Winnewisser, F. Toelle | title=Cyanoacetylene and cyanodiacetylene in interstellar clouds | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1990 | volume=81 | issue=1-2 | pages=245–250 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980A&A....81..245W }}</ref> ||[[氰基乙炔]]||align="center"|— |
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| 質子化的甲醛 |
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| align="center" | 31 || align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>COH<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj471"/> |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | C<sub>4</sub>H || Butadiynyl<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
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|align="center"|HCC-NC||Isocyanoacetylene<ref>{{cite journal en| author=K. Kawaguchi, M. Ohishi,S.-I. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu | title=Detection of isocyanoacetylene HCCNC in TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1992 | volume=386 | issue=2 | pages=L51–L53 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...386L..51K | doi=10.1086/186290}}</ref>||[[异氰基乙炔]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[丁二炔]]基 |
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| align="center" | 49 || align="center" | C<sub>4</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name="aaa61"/> |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | HC<sub>3</sub>N || Cyanoacetylene<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="apj619f"/><ref name="apj420"/><ref name="apj552l"/><ref name="aaa81"/> |
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|align="center"|HCOOH||Formic acid<ref name="apj552">{{cite journal en| author=S.-Y. Liu, D. M. Mehringer, L. E. Snyder | title=Observations of Formic Acid in Hot Molecular Cores | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2001 | volume=552 | pages=-654–663 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?doi=10.1086/320563 | doi=10.1086/320563 | format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AObservations+of+Formic+Acid+in+Hot+Molecular+Cores&as_publication=Astrophysical+Journal&as_ylo=2001&as_yhi=2001&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> }}</ref>||[[甲酸]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[氰基乙炔]] |
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| align="center" | 51 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | HCC-NC || Isocyanoacetylene<ref name="apj386"/> |
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|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>CN||Cyanamide<ref>{{cite journal en| author=B. E. Turner, H. S. Liszt, N. Kaifu, A. G. Kisliakov | title=Microwave detection of interstellar cyanamide | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1975 | volume=201 | pages=L149–L152 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1975ApJ...201L.149T | doi=10.1086/181963}}</ref>||[[氨腈]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[異氰基乙炔]] |
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| align="center" | 51 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | HCOOH || Formic acid<ref name="1971ApJ...163L..41Z"/><ref name="apj552l"/> |
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|align="center"|HC(O)CN||Cyanoformaldehyde<ref>{{cite journal en| author = A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, W. D. Stork, P. R. Jewell, D. S. Meier | title = Detection of Interstellar Cyanformaldehyde | journal = Astrophysical Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 675 | pages = L85–L88 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675L..85R | doi = 10.1086/533529}}</ref>||[[甲酰腈]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[甲酸]] |
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| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | NH<sub>2</sub>CN || Cyanamide<ref name="apj201"/> |
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| [[氨基氰]] |
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| align="center" | 42 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | － || Protonated cyanogen |
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|align="center"|SiH<sub>4</sub>||Silane<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. M. Goldhaber, A. L. Betz | title=Silane in IRC +10216 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1984 | volume=279 | pages=-L55–L58 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ApJ...279L..55G | doi=10.1086/184255 }}</ref>||[[甲硅烷]]||align="center"|— |
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| 質子化的氰 |
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| align="center" | 53 || align="center" | NCCNH<sup>+</sup><ref name="aanda579"/> |
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|- |
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| align="center" | HC(O)CN || Cyanoformaldehyde<ref name="apj675"/> |
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| [[甲醯腈]] |
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| align="center" | 55 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | C<sub>5</sub> || Linear C<sub>5</sub><ref name="bernath89"/> |
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| [[五碳]] |
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| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | SiC<sub>4</sub> || Graphene#Silicon carbide|Silicon-carbide cluster<ref name="aass226"/> |
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| [[碳化矽簇合物]] |
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| align="center" | 92 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | SiH<sub>4</sub> || Silane<ref name="apj279"/> |
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| [[矽烷]] |
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| align="center" | 32 || align="center" | － |
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|} |
|} |
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=== 六原子（16） === |
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[[File:Formamide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|星际中[[甲酰胺]]（上图）可以与[[亚甲基]]结合生成[[乙酰胺]]。<ref name="apj643">{{cite journal en| author=J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, V. V. Ilyushin, ;I. Kleiner | title=Detection of Acetamide (CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2006 | volume=643 | issue=1 | pages=L25–L28 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...643L..25H | doi=10.1086/505110 }}</ref>]] |
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[[File:Formamide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px|在星際物質中，[[甲醯胺]]（HCONH<sub>2</sub>，上圖）可與[[亞甲基]]結合形成[[乙醯胺]]<ref name="apj643hl"/>]] |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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=== 六原子 === |
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! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
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! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
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|+ |
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! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
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! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
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! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | ''c''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>O || Cyclopropenone<ref name="apj643hr"/> |
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!style="width: 6em;"|分子!!style="width: 16em;"|英文名称!!style="width: 16em;"|中文名称!!style="width: 8em;"|离子 |
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| {{link-en|環丙烯酮|Cyclopropenone}} |
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| align="center" | 54 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | E-HNCHCN || E-Cyanomethanimine<ref name="ZaleskiEtAl2013"/> |
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|align="center"|''c''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>O||Cyclopropenone<ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. M. Hollis, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas | title=Cyclopropenone (c-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>O): A New Interstellar Ring Molecule | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2006 | volume=642 | pages=933–939 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...642..933H | doi=10.1086/501121 }}</ref>||[[环丙烯酮]]||align="center"|— |
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|－ |
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| align="center" | 54 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>||Ethylene<ref name="apj244" |
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> || Ethylene<ref name="apj244"/> |
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| [[乙烯]] |
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| align="center" | 28 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CN || Acetonitrile<ref name="aa130"/><ref name="apj632"/><ref name="Alma 2015">{{Cite news|url=http://astrobiology.com/2015/04/complex-organic-molecules-discovered-in-infant-star-system.html|title=Complex Organic Molecules Discovered in Infant Star System|work=NRAO|publisher=Astrobiology Web|date=2015-04-08|accessdate=2015-04-09|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.is/20150409030153/http://astrobiology.com/2015/04/complex-organic-molecules-discovered-in-infant-star-system.html|archive-date=2015-04-09|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CN||Acetonitrile<ref name="aa130" /><ref name="apj632">{{cite journal en| author=A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, D. F. Plusquellic, P. R. Jewell | title=Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 | volume=632 | pages=333–339 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...234L.139L | doi=10.1086/432908}}</ref>||[[乙腈]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[乙腈]] |
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| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>NC||Methyl isocyanide<ref name="apj632" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>NC || Methyl isocyanide<ref name="apj632"/> |
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| {{link-en|甲基異腈|Methyl isocyanide}} |
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| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OH||Methanol<ref name="aa130" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>OH || Methanol<ref name="aa130"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=First Detection of Methyl Alcohol in a Planet-forming Disc|url=http://astrobiology.com/2016/06/first-detection-of-methyl-alcohol-in-a-planet-forming-disc.html|date=2016-06-15|accessdate=2019-08-24|work=Astrobiology Web|language=en}}</ref> |
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| [[甲醇]] |
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| align="center" | 32 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>SH || Methanethiol<ref name="apj234l"/> |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>SH||Methanethiol<ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman | title=Interstellar methyl mercaptan | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1979 | volume=234 | pages=L139–L142 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...234L.139L | doi=10.1086/183125 }}</ref>||[[甲硫醇]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[甲基硫醇]] |
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| align="center" | 48 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | ''l''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub> || Diacetylene<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="Cernicharo_546"/> |
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|align="center"|''l''-H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub>||—<ref name="Cernicharo_546">{{cite journal en| author=J. Cernicharo, A. M. Heras, A. G. G. M. Tielens, J. R. Pardo, F. Herpin, M. Guélin, L. B. F. M. Waters | title=Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, and Benzene in CRL 618 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1997 | volume=546 | issue=2 | pages=L123–L126 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/318871 | doi=10.1086/318871 }}</ref><ref name="Ziurys06" /> || ||align="center"|— |
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| [[丁二炔]] |
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| align="center" | 50 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | － || Protonated cyanoacetylene |
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| 質子化的氰基乙炔 |
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| align="center" | 52 || align="center" | HC<sub>3</sub>NH<sup>+</sup><ref name="apj420"/> |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"|HCONH<sub>2</sub>||Formamide<ref name=" |
| align="center" | HCONH<sub>2</sub> || Formamide<ref name="apj643hl"/> |
||
| [[甲醯胺]] |
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| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|C<sub>5</sub>H||Pentynylidyne<ref name="Ziurys06" |
| align="center" | C<sub>5</sub>H || Pentynylidyne<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="alac26"/> |
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| [[亞戊基]] |
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| align="center" | 61 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>5</sub>N || Cyanobutadiynyl radical<ref name="GuelinEtAl98"/> |
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|align="center"|HC<sub>2</sub>CHO||Propynal<ref>{{cite journal en| author=W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, D. M. Cragg, P. Friberg, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, H. Suzuki, H. Takeo | title=A new interstellar polyatomic molecule - Detection of propynal in the cold cloud TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1988 | volume=335 | pages=L89–L93 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...335L..89I | doi=10.1086/185346 }}</ref>||[[丙炔醛]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[氰基丁二烯基]] |
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| align="center" | 74 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|HC<sub> |
| align="center" | HC<sub>2</sub>CHO || Propynal<ref name="apj335"/> |
||
| {{link-en|丙炔醛|Propynal}} |
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| align="center" | 54 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HC<sub>4</sub>N || －<ref name="Ziurys06"/> |
||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 63 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | CH<sub>2</sub>CNH || Ketenimine<ref name="precursors"/> |
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| [[氮丙環]] |
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| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
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| align="center" | C<sub>5</sub>S || －<ref name="Agundez+2014"/> |
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|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 92 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 七原子（11） === |
|||
[[File:Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|[[乙醛]]（上图）及其[[异构体]][[乙烯醇]]、[[环氧乙烷]]都存在于星际中。<ref name="rnao011001">{{cite news en| title=Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space | publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory | date=October 1, 2001 | url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2001/vinylalco/ | accessdate=2006-12-20 }}</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px|[[乙醛]]（CH<sub>3</sub>CHO，上圖）及其[[異構體]][[乙烯醇]]和[[環氧乙烷]]等分子皆曾在星際空間中被偵測到<ref name="rnao011001"/>]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
=== 七原子 === |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | ''c''-C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O || Ethylene oxide<ref name="boaas29"/> |
|||
|align="center"|''c''-C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O||Ethylene oxide<ref name="boaas29">{{cite journal en| author=J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, M. Ohishi, M. Ikeda, S. Ishikawa, A. Nummelin, A. Hjalmarson | title=Detection of Interstellar Ethylene Oxide (c-C2H4O) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=1997 | volume=489 | issue=2 | pages=753–757 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/304821 | doi=10.1086/304821 }}</ref>||[[环氧乙烷]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[環氧乙烷]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H||Methylacetylene<ref name=" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H || Methylacetylene<ref name="apj619f"/> |
||
| [[丙炔]] |
|||
| align="center" | 40 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>3</sub>CNH<sub>2</sub> || Methylamine<ref name="apj198"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>CNH<sub>2</sub>||Methylamine<ref>{{cite journal en| author=N. Kaifu, K. Takagi, T. Kojima | title=Excitation of interstellar methylamine | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1975 | volume=198 | pages=L85–L88 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ApJ...198L..85K | doi=10.1086/181818}} </ref>||[[甲胺]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[甲胺]] |
|||
| align="center" | 31 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CHCN||Acrylonitrile<ref name="aa130" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>2</sub>CHCN || Acrylonitrile<ref name="aa130"/><ref name="apj632"/> |
||
| [[丙烯腈]] |
|||
| align="center" | 53 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>CHCOH||Vinyl alcohol<ref name="rnao011001" |
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>CHCOH || Vinyl alcohol<ref name="rnao011001"/> |
||
| [[乙烯醇]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>6</sub>H || Hexatriynyl radical<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="alac26"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>6</sub>H||Hexatriynyl<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="alac26" />||[[己三炔]]基||align="center"|C<sub>6</sub>H<sup>–</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, H. Gupta, P. Thaddeus | title=Laboratory and Astronomical Identification of the Negative Molecular Ion C<sub>6</sub>H<sup>−</sup> | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2006 | volume=652 | issue=2 | pages=L141–L144 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...652L.141M | doi=10.1086/510238 }}</ref><ref name="apj552" /> |
|||
| {{link-en|己三炔|3-Hexyne}}基 |
|||
| align="center" | 73 || align="center" | C<sub>6</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name="apj552f"/><ref name="apj652"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|HC<sub>4</sub>CN||Cyanodiacetylene<ref name="aa130" |
| align="center" | HC<sub>4</sub>CN || Cyanodiacetylene<ref name="aa130"/><ref name="aaa81"/><ref name="apj632"/> |
||
| {{link-en|氰基多炔烴|Cyanopolyyne|氰基丁二炔}} |
|||
| align="center" | 75 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HC<sub>5</sub>O || －<ref name="hc5o"/> |
||
|－ |
|||
| align="center" | 77 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CHO || Acetaldehyde<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="boaas29"/> |
|||
| [[乙醛]] |
|||
| align="center" | 44 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>NCO || Methyl isocyanate<ref name="apj812"/> |
|||
| [[異氰酸甲酯]] |
|||
| align="center" | 57 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | HOCH<sub>2</sub>CN || Glycolonitrile<ref name="glyconitrile"/> |
|||
| [[羥基乙腈]] |
|||
| align="center" | 57 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 八原子（11） === |
|||
[[File:Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|1997年证实了[[乙酸]]分子在宇宙中的存在。<ref name="acetic_acid">{{cite journal en| author=D. M. Mehringer, L. E. Snyder, Y. Miao, F. J. Lovas | title=Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1997 | volume=480 | pages=L71 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997ApJ...480L..71M | accessdate=2007-02-16 | doi=10.1086/310612}}</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px|[[乙酸]]（CH<sub>3</sub>COOH，[[醋]]中常見的化合物）之電波訊號已於1997年被證實為真<ref name="acetic_acid"/>]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
=== 八原子 === |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
|- |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>CC<sub>2</sub>CN||Methylcyanoacetylene<ref name="aj637" />||[[甲基氰基乙炔]] |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | H<sub>3</sub>CC<sub>2</sub>CN || Methylcyanoacetylene<ref name="aj637"/> |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>COHCHO||Glycolaldehyde<ref name="glycolaldehyde">{{cite web en| last = Sincell | first = Mark | date = June 27, 2006 | url = http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2000/627/4 | title = The Sweet Signal of Sugar in Space | publisher = [[美國科學促進會]] | accessdate = 2006-12-20 }}</ref>||[[乙醇醛]] |
|||
| [[甲基氰基乙炔]] |
|||
| align="center" | 65 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>COHCHO || Glycolaldehyde<ref name="glycolaldehyde"/> |
||
| [[乙醇醛]] |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | HCOOCH<sub>3</sub> || Methyl formate<ref name="aa130"/><ref name="apj552l"/><ref name="glycolaldehyde"/> |
||
| [[甲酸甲酯]] |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>COOH || Acetic acid<ref name="acetic_acid"/> |
||
| [[乙酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub> || Hexapentaenylidene<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="Cernicharo_546"/> |
||
| 亞[[己五烯]]基 |
|||
| align="center" | 74 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>2</sub>CHCHO || Propenal<ref name="precursors"/> |
|||
|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>CCHCN||Cyanoallene<ref name="precursors" /><ref name="aj637">{{cite journal en| author=F. J. Lovas, Anthony J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell, L. E. Snyder | title=Hyperfine Structure Identification of Interstellar Cyanoallene toward TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=2006 | volume=637 | issue=1 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/500431 | doi=10.1086/500431 }}</ref>||氰基[[丙二烯]] |
|||
| [[丙烯醛]] |
|||
| align="center" | 56 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>2</sub>CCHCN || Cyanoallene<ref name="precursors"/><ref name="aj637"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>7</sub>H||Heptatrienyl radical<ref>{{cite journal en| author= M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo, M. J. Travers, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus, M. Ohishi, S. Saito, S. Yamamoto | title= Detection of a new linear carbon chain radical: C<sub>7</sub>H | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1997 | volume=317 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...317L...1G }}</ref>||[[庚三烯]]基自由基 |
|||
| 氰基[[丙二烯]] |
|||
| align="center" | 65 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CHNH || Ethanimine<ref name="LoomisEtAl13"/> |
||
| [[亞氨基乙烷]] |
|||
| last=Belloche | first=A. |
|||
| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | － |
|||
| coauthors=Menten, K. M.; Comito, C.; Müller, H. S. P.; Schilke, P.; Ott, J.; Thorwirth, S.; Hieret, C. |
|||
|- |
|||
| title=Detection of amino acetonitrile in Sgr B2(N) |
|||
| align="center" | C<sub>7</sub>H || Heptatrienyl radical<ref name="aaa317"/> |
|||
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |
|||
| [[庚三烯]]基自由基 |
|||
| year=2008 | volume=482 | pages=179–196 |
|||
| align="center" | 85 || align="center" | － |
|||
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20079203 }}</ref>||[[氨基乙腈]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | NH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN || Aminoacetonitrile<ref name="aaa482"/> |
|||
| {{link-en|氨基乙腈|Aminoacetonitrile}} |
|||
| align="center" | 56 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO || Urea<ref name="RemijanEtAl2014"/> |
|||
| [[尿素]] |
|||
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 九原子 === |
=== 九原子（10） === |
||
[[File:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|200px| [[乙醇]]（CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH）是常見的燃料、溶劑和消毒劑，也常用於[[有機合成]]]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
!style="width: 6em;"|分子!!style="width: 16em;"|英文名称!!style="width: 16em;"|中文名称!!style="width: 8em;"|离子 |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H || Methyldiacetylene<ref name="aj643"/> |
|||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H||Methyldiacetylene<ref name="aj643">{{cite journal en| author=A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas | title=Methyltriacetylene (CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H) toward TMC-1: The Largest Detected Symmetric Top | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2006 | volume=643 | issue=1 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...643L..37R | doi=10.1086/504918 }}</ref>||[[甲基丁二炔]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[甲基丁二炔]] |
|||
| align="center" | 64 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> || Dimethyl Ether<ref name="apj191"/> |
|||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>||Dimethyl Ether<ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, P. R. Schwartz, F. O. Clark, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, P. T. Giguere | title=Radio Detection of Interstellar Dimethyl Ether | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1974 | volume=191 | pages=L79-L82 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ApJ...191L..79S}}</ref>||[[二甲醚]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[二甲醚]] |
|||
| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN||Propionitrile<ref name="Ziurys06" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CN || Propionitrile<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa130"/><ref name="apj632"/> |
||
| [[丙腈]] |
|||
| align="center" | 55 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>||Acetamide<ref name="precursors" |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub> || Acetamide<ref name="precursors"/><ref name="apj643hl"/> |
||
| [[乙醯胺]] |
|||
| align="center" | 59 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH || Ethanol<ref name="apj196"/> |
|||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH||Trans-Ethyl Alcohol<ref>{{cite journal en| author=B. Zuckerman, B. E. Turner, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, N. Fourikis, P. Palmer, M. Morris, A. E. Lilley, J. A. Ball, F. O. Clark | title=Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1975 | volume=196 | issue=2 | pages=L99–L102 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975ApJ...196L..99Z | doi=10.1086/181753}}</ref>||[[乙醇]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| [[乙醇]] |
|||
| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | C<sub>8</sub>H || Octatetraynyl radical<ref name="aaa309"/> |
|||
|align="center"|C<sub>8</sub>H||Octatetraynyl<ref>{{cite journal en| author= J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin | title=Discovery of the C<sub>8</sub>H radical | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1996 | volume=309 | pages=L26–L30 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...309L..27C }}</ref>||[[辛四炔]]基||align="center"|C<sub>8</sub>H<sup>–</sup><ref>{{cite journal en| author = H. Brünken, H. Gupta, C. A. Gottlieb, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus | title = Detection of the Carbon Chain Negative Ion C<sub>8</sub>H<SUP>–</SUP> in TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2007 | volume=664 | issue=1 | pages=L43–L46 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...664L..43B | doi = 10.1086/520703 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author = A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, M. A. Cordiner, T. J. Millar, A. J. Markwick-Kemper, P. R. Jewell | title = Detection of C<sub>8</sub>H<SUP>–</SUP> and Comparison with C<sub>8</sub>H toward IRC +10 216 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2007 | volume=664 | issue=1 | pages=L47–L50 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...664L..47R | doi = 10.1086/520704 }}</ref> |
|||
| {{link-en|辛四炔|4-Octyne}}自由基 |
|||
| align="center" | 97 || align="center" | C<sub>8</sub>H<sup>−</sup><ref name="apj664b"/><ref name="apj664r"/> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | HC<sub>7</sub>N || Cyanohexatriyne<br/>Cyanotriacetylene<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="aa138"/><ref name="bell_483"/><ref name="apj219"/> |
|||
|align="center"|HC<sub>6</sub>CN||Cyanohexatriyne<ref name="Ziurys06" /><ref name="aa138" /><ref>{{cite journal en| author= H. W. Kroto, C. Kirby, D. R. M. Walton, L. W. Avery, N. W. Broten, J. M. MacLeod, T. Oka | title=The detection of cyanohexatriyne in Heiles's cloud 2 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2002 | volume=219 | pages=L133–L137 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...219L.133K | doi=10.1086/182623 }}</ref><ref name="bell_483">{{cite journal en| author=M. B. Bell, P. A. Feldman, M. J. Travers, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus | title=Detection of HC<sub>11</sub>N in the Cold Dust Cloud TMC-1 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=1997 | volume=483 | issue=1 | pages=L61–L64 | url= http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/310732 | doi=10.1086/310732 }}</ref>||氰基[[己三炔]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| 氰基己三炔 |
|||
| align="center" | 99 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>||Propylene< |
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub> || Propylene<br/>Propene<ref name="apj665"/> |
||
| [[丙烯]] |
|||
R. Mauersberger and C. Thum | title = Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>3</sub>): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry | journal = Astrophysical Journal | year = 2007 | volume = 665 | pages = L127–L130 | url = | doi = 10.1086/521398 }}</ref> ||[[丙烯]]||align="center"|— |
|||
| align="center" | 42 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>SH || Ethyl mercaptan<ref name="KolesnikovaEtAl2014"/> |
|||
| [[乙硫醇]] |
|||
| align="center" | 62 || align="center" | － |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== 超 |
=== 超過九個原子（17） === |
||
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|width=225 |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
| image1 = Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png |
|||
!style="width: 5em;"|原子数!!style="width: 6em;"|分子!!style="width: 16em;"|英文名称!!style="width: 16em;"|中文名称!!style="width: 8em;"|离子 |
|||
| alt1 = Diacetylene, HCCCCH |
|||
| image2 = Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png |
|||
| alt2 = Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3 |
|||
| image3 = Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png |
|||
| alt3 = Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN |
|||
| footer = 一些{{link-en|聚炔烴|polyyne}}衍生化學物質名列星際介質中發現的最重的分子之一 |
|||
}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子數 |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 4em;" | 質量 |
|||
! style="width: 8em;" | 離子 |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO || Acetone<ref name="aa130"/><ref name="apj578"/> |
|||
| [[丙酮]] |
|||
| align="center" | 58 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | (CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub> || Ethylene glycol<ref name="HollisEtAl2002"/><ref name="Hollis"/> |
|||
| [[乙二醇]] |
|||
| align="center" | 62 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHO || Propanal<ref name="precursors"/> |
|||
| [[丙醛]] |
|||
| align="center" | 58 || align="center" | － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>OH || Methoxymethanol<ref name="methoxymethanol"/> |
|||
| [[甲氧基甲醇]] |
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| align="center" | 62 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>5</sub>N || Methylcyanodiacetylene<ref name="precursors"/> |
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| 甲基氰基[[丁二炔]] |
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| align="center" | 89 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 10 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>O || Propylene oxide<ref name="science352"/> |
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| [[環氧丙烷]] |
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| align="center" | 58 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 11 || align="center" | HC<sub>8</sub>CN || Cyanotetraacetylene<ref name="Ziurys06"/><ref name="bell_483"/> |
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|氰基辛四炔 |
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| align="center" | 123 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 11 || align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCHO || Ethyl formate<ref name="arxiv4694"/> |
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| [[甲酸乙酯]] |
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| align="center" | 74 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 11 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub> || Methyl acetate<ref name="TerceroEtAl2013"/> |
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|align="center"|10||align="center"|(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO||Acetone<ref name="aa130" /><ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, D. M. Mehringer, N. Y. Miao, Y.-J. Kuan, J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell | title=Confirmation of Interstellar Acetone | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2002 | volume=578 | issue=1 | pages=245–255 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/342273 | doi=10.1086/342273 }}</ref>||[[丙酮]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[乙酸甲酯]] |
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| align="center" | 74 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 11 || align="center" | CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H || Methyltriacetylene<ref name="precursors"/><ref name="aj643"/> |
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|甲基己三炔 |
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| align="center" | 88 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 12 || align="center" | C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> || Benzene<ref name="Cernicharo_546"/> |
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| [[苯]] |
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| align="center" | 78 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 12 || align="center" | C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>CN || ''n''-Propyl cyanide<ref name="arxiv4694"/> |
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| [[丁腈]] |
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| align="center" | 69 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 12 || align="center" | (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCN || ''iso''-Propyl cyanide<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eyre|first=Michael|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29368984|title=Complex organic molecule found in interstellar space|work=[[英國廣播公司新聞|BBC News]]|date=2014-09-26|accessdate=2014-09-26|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926181636/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29368984|archive-date=2014-09-26|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of a branched alkyl molecule in the interstellar medium: iso-propyl cyanide|journal=Science|date=2014-09-26|last=Belloche|first=Arnaud|last2=Garrod|first2=Robin T.|last3= Müller|first3=Holger S. P.|last4=Menten|first4=Karl M.|volume=345|issue=6204|pages=1584–1587|doi=10.1126/science.1256678|pmid=25258074|arxiv=1410.2607|bibcode=2014Sci...345.1584B|language=en}}</ref> |
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|align="center"|11||align="center"|CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H||Methyltriacetylene<ref name="precursors" /><ref name="aj643" />||甲基[[己三炔]]||align="center"|— |
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| {{link-en|異丁腈|Isobutyronitrile}} |
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| align="center" | 69 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 13 || align="center" | {{chem|C|6|H|5|CN}} || Benzonitrile<ref name="benzonitrile"/> |
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|align="center"|12||align="center"|H<sub>3</sub>COC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>||trans-ethyl methyl ether<ref>{{cite journal en| author=G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski | title=Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2005 | volume=444 | issue=2 | pages=521–530 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005astro.ph..8395F | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053599 }}</ref>||[[甲乙醚]]||align="center"|— |
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| [[苯甲腈]] |
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| align="center" | 104 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 13 || align="center" | HC<sub>10</sub>CN || Cyanopentaacetylene<ref name="bell_483"/> |
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| 氰基[[癸五炔]] |
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| align="center" | 147 || align="center" | － |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 60 || align="center" | C<sub>60</sub> || Buckminsterfullerene<br/>C<sub>60</sub> fullerene<ref name="science20100722"/> |
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| [[富勒烯]] |
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| align="center" | 720 || align="center" | {{chem|C|60|+}}<ref name="SA-20190429"/><ref name="AJL-20190422"/><ref name="Foing1994"/><ref name="Berne2012"/> |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 70 || align="center" | C<sub>70</sub> || C<sub>70</sub> fullerene<ref name="science20100722"/> |
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| {{link-en|C70富勒烯|C70 fullerene|C<sub>70</sub>富勒烯}} |
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| coauthors=Manchado, A.; García-Hernández, D. A.; González Hernández, J. I.; Lambert, D. L. |
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| align="center" | 840 || align="center" | － |
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| title=Evidence for the Naphthalene Cation in a Region of the Interstellar Medium with Anomalous Microwave Emission |
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| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| date=2008-09-20 | volume=685 | pages=L55–L58 |
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| doi=10.1086/592349 }}</ref> |
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|} |
|} |
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== 含氘原子的分子 == |
=== 含氘原子的分子（20） === |
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以下分子皆含有[[氘]]，氫的的一種穩定形態[[同位素]]。 |
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{{see also|氘}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! |
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子數 |
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! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
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! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
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! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 2 || HD || Hydrogen deuteride<ref name="aaa430"/><ref name="pass50"/> |
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|align="center"|HD, H<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup>||Deuterated molecular hydrogen<ref>{{cite journal en| author=S. Lacour, M. K. André, P. Sonnentrucker, F. Le Petit, D. E. Welty, J.-M. Desert, R. Ferlet, E. Roueff, D. G. York | title=Deuterated molecular hydrogen in the Galactic ISM. New observations along seven translucent sightlines | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2005 | volume=430 | pages=967–977 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...430..967L | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041589 }}</ref><ref name="pass50">{{cite journal en| last=Ceccarelli | first=Cecilia | title=Millimeter and infrared observations of deuterated molecules | journal=Planetary and Space Science | year=2002 | volume=50 | issue=12-13 | pages=1267–1273 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002P&SS...50.1267C | doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00093-4 }}</ref>||氘取代的H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>离子 |
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| {{link-en|氘化氫|Hydrogen deuteride}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 3 || H<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup><br/>{{chem|HD|2|+}} || Trihydrogen cation<ref name="aaa430"/><ref name="pass50"/> |
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|align="center"|HDO, D<sub>2</sub>O||Heavy water<ref>{{cite journal en| last=Green | first=Sheldon | title=Collisional excitation of interstellar molecules - Deuterated water, HDO | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | year=1989 | volume=70 | pages=813–831 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJS...70..813G | doi=10.1086/191358 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author=H. M. Butner, S. B. Charnley, C. Ceccarelli, S. D. Rodgers, J. R. Pardo, B. Parise, J. Cernicharo, G. R. Davies| title=Discovery of interstellar heavy water | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2007 | volume=659 | pages=L137–L140 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2007ApJ...659L.137B&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=4628f8490425887 | doi=10.1086/517883}}</ref>||[[重水]] |
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| 三氫正離子 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 3 || HDO<br/>D<sub>2</sub>O || Heavy water<ref name="ajss70"/><ref name="apj659"/> |
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|align="center"|DCN||Hydrogen cyanide<ref name="apj225">{{cite journal en| author=B. E. Turner, B. Zuckerman | title=Observations of strongly deuterated molecules - Implications for interstellar chemistry | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor | year=1978 | volume=225 | pages=L75–L79 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...225L..75T | accessdate=2007-02-07 | doi=10.1086/182797 }}</ref>||氰化氘 |
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| [[重水]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 3 || DCN || Hydrogen cyanide<ref name="apj225"/> |
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| 氰化氫 |
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|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 3 || DCO || Formyl radical<ref name="apj225"/> |
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| 甲醯基 |
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|- |
|- |
||
|align="center"| |
| align="center" | 3 || DNC || Hydrogen isocyanide<ref name="apj225"/> |
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| 異氫氰酸 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 3 || N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup> || －<ref name="apj225"/> |
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|align="center"|NH<sub>2</sub>D, NHD<sub>2</sub>, ND<sub>3</sub>||Ammonia<ref name="pass50" /><ref>{{cite journal en| author=D. C. Lis, E. Roueff, M. Gerin, T. G. Phillips, L. H. Coudert, F. F. S. van der Tak, P. Schilke | title=Detection of Triply Deuterated Ammonia in the Barnard 1 Cloud | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=/2002 | volume=571 | issue=1 | pages=L55–L58 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...571L..55L | doi=10.1086/341132 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author=J. Hatchell | title=High NH<sub>2</sub>D/NH<sub>3</sub> ratios in protostellar cores | journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=/2003 | volume=403 | issue= | pages=L25–L28 | url=http://ads.nao.ac.jp/abs/2003A%26A...403L..25H | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030297 }}</ref>||氘代氨 |
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| － |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 4 || NH<sub>2</sub>D<br/>NHD<sub>2</sub><br/>ND<sub>3</sub> || Ammonia<ref name="pass50"/><ref name="apj571"/><ref name="aaa403"/> |
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|align="center"|HDCO, D<sub>2</sub>CO||Formaldehyde<ref name="pass50" /><ref>{{cite journal en| last=Turner | first=B. E. | title=Detection of doubly deuterated interstellar formaldehyde (D2CO) - an indicator of active grain surface chemistry | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters | year=1990 | volume=362 | pages=L29–L33 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApJ...362L..29T | accessdate=2007-02-07 | doi=10.1086/185840 }}</ref>||氘代甲醛 |
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| 氨 |
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|- |
|- |
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| align="center" | 4 || HDCO<br/>D<sub>2</sub>CO || Formaldehyde<ref name="pass50"/><ref name="apj362"/> |
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|align="center"|CH<sub>2</sub>DCCH, CH<sub>3</sub>CCD||Methylacetylene<ref>{{cite journal en| author=M. Gerin, F. Combes, G. Wlodarczak, P. Encrenaz, C. Laurent | title=Interstellar detection of deuterated methyl acetylene | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1992 | volume=253 | issue=2 | pages=L29–L32 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A&A...253L..29G | accessdate=2007-02-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author=A. J. Markwick, S. B. Charnley, H. M. Butner, T. J. Millar | title=Interstellar CH3CCD | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 | volume=627 | issue=2 | pages=L117–L120 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...627L.117M | accessdate=2007-02-13 | doi=10.1086/432415}}</ref>||氘代甲基乙炔 |
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| 甲醛 |
|||
|- |
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| align="center" | 4 || DNCO || Isocyanic acid<ref name="formamide">{{Cite journal|title=The ALMA-PILS survey: First detections of deuterated formamide and deuterated isocyanic acid in the interstellar medium|journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume= 590|pages=L6|date=2016-05-09|last=Coutens|first=A.|arxiv=1605.02562|display-authors=etal|bibcode= 2016A&A...590L...6C|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201628612|language=en}}</ref> |
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| 異氰酸 |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 5 || NH<sub>3</sub>D<sup>+</sup> || Ammonium ion<ref name="CernicharoEtAl2013"/><ref name="DomenechEtAl2013"/> |
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| 銨離子 |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 6 || {{chem|NH|2|CDO}}<br/>NHDCHO || Formamide<ref name="formamide"/> |
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| 甲醯胺 |
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|- |
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| align="center" | 7 || CH<sub>2</sub>DCCH<br/>CH<sub>3</sub>CCD || Methylacetylene<ref name="aaa253"/><ref name="apj627"/> |
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| 甲基乙炔 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== 未 |
=== 未經證實的分子（12） === |
||
以下分子存在於星際空間中的證據曾在科學文獻中被提及，然而這些證據不是被文獻作者描述為「暫定性的」，就是曾被其他學者所挑戰。這些分子存在於星際空間中的證據仍待更多獨立研究證實。 |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
!style="width: 6em;"|分子!!style="width: 16em;"|英文名称!!style="width: 16em;"|中文名称 |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子數 |
|||
! style="width: 6em;" | 分子 |
|||
! style="width: 16em;" | 英文名稱 |
|||
! style="width: 12em;" | 中文名稱 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | 2 |
|||
|align="center"|H<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>CCOOH||Glycine<ref>{{cite journal en| author=Y. J. Kuan, S.B. Charnley, H.-C. Huang, W.-L. Tseng, Z. Kisiel| title=Interstellar Glycine | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2003 | volume=593 | issue=2 | pages=848–867 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?2003ApJ...593..848K | doi=10.1086/375637}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal en| author=L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, J. M. Hollis, D. N. Friedel, P. R. Jewell, A. Remijan, V. V. Ilyushin, E. A. Alekseev, S. F. Dyubko | title=A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 | volume=619 | issue=2 | pages=914–930 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004astro.ph.10335S | doi=10.1086/426677}}</ref>||[[甘氨酸]] |
|||
| align="center" | SiH |
|||
| Silylidine<ref name="schilke01"/> |
|||
| － |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| align="center" | 4 |
|||
|align="center"|CO(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub>||Dihydroxyacetone <br> (1,3-dihydroxypropanone) <ref>{{cite journal en| author=S. L. Widicus Weaver, G. A. Blake | title=1,3-Dihydroxyacetone in Sagittarius B2(N-LMH): The First Interstellar Ketose | journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters | year=2005 | volume=624 | issue=1 | pages=L33–L36 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/430407 | doi=10.1086/430407 }}</ref>||[[二羟基丙酮]] |
|||
| align="center" | PH<sub>3</sub> |
|||
| Phosphine<ref name="AgúndezEtAl2008"/> |
|||
| [[膦]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 4 |
|||
| align="center" | MgCCH |
|||
| Magnesium monoacetylide<ref name="Agundez+2014"/> |
|||
| [[乙炔酸鎂]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 4 |
|||
| align="center" | NCCP |
|||
| Cyanophosphaethyne<ref name="Agundez+2014"/> |
|||
|－ |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 5 |
|||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| －<ref name="GuptaEtAl2013"/> |
|||
| － |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 4 |
|||
| align="center" | SiH<sub>3</sub>CN |
|||
| Silyl cyanide<ref name="Agundez+2014"/> |
|||
| [[氰基甲基矽烷]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 10 |
|||
| align="center" | H<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>COOH |
|||
| Glycine<ref name="apj619s"/><ref name="apj593"/> |
|||
| [[甘氨酸]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 12 |
|||
| align="center" | CO(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub> |
|||
| Dihydroxyacetone<ref name="apjl624"/> |
|||
| [[二羥基丙酮]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 12 |
|||
| align="center" | C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> |
|||
| Ethyl methyl ether<ref name="FuchsEtAl2005"/> |
|||
| [[甲乙醚]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 18 |
|||
| align="center" | {{chem|C|10|H|8|+}} |
|||
| Naphthalene cation<ref name="apjl685"/> |
|||
| [[萘]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 24 |
|||
| align="center" | C<sub>24</sub> |
|||
| Graphene<ref name="García-HernándezEtAl2011"/> |
|||
| [[石墨烯]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 24 |
|||
| align="center" | C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub> |
|||
| Anthracene<ref name="Battersby"/><ref name="arxiv1005.4388"/> |
|||
| [[蒽]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| align="center" | 26 |
|||
| align="center" | C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub> |
|||
| Pyrene<ref name="Battersby"/> |
|||
| [[芘]] |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== |
== 參見 == |
||
{{Portal|化學|物理學|天文學}} |
|||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
|||
* [[生命起源]] |
|||
* [[天體生物學]] |
|||
* [[天文化學]] |
* [[天文化學]] |
||
* {{link-en|原子和分子天體物理學|Atomic and molecular astrophysics}} |
|||
* [[化學]] |
|||
* [[宇宙塵埃]] |
|||
* [[宇宙射線]] |
|||
* [[宇宙化學]] |
|||
* {{link-en|瀰漫星際譜帶|Diffuse interstellar band}} |
|||
* [[地外液態水]] |
|||
* [[禁線]] |
|||
* [[星系際塵埃]] |
|||
* [[行星際物質]] |
|||
* [[星際物質]] |
|||
* {{link-en|分子列表|Lists of molecules}} |
|||
* [[有機化合物列表]] |
|||
* [[有機化學]] |
|||
* [[非蛋白胺基酸]] |
|||
* [[有機化合物]] |
|||
* [[外太空]] |
|||
* [[泛種論]] |
|||
* [[多環芳香烴]] |
|||
* [[芳香性]] |
|||
* [[光譜學]] |
|||
* [[托林 (天文學)|托林]] |
|||
{{div col end}} |
|||
== |
==參考資料== |
||
{{reflist|2 |
{{reflist|2|refs=|refs= |
||
<ref name="glyconitrile">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slz002|bibcode=2019MNRAS.484L..43Z|arxiv=1901.02576|title=First detection of the pre-biotic molecule glycolonitrile (HOCH2CN) in the interstellar medium|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters|volume=484|issue=1|pages=L43–L48|year=2019|last1=Zeng|first1=S.|last2=Quénard|first2=D.|last3=Jiménez-Serra|first3=I.|last4=Martín-Pintado|first4=J.|last5=Rivilla|first5=V. M.|last6=Testi|first6=L.|last7=Martín-Doménech|first7=R.|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name="shu82">{{Cite journal|first1=Frank H.|last1=Shu|date=1982|title=The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy|publisher=University Science Books|isbn=978-0-935702-05-7|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
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<ref name="hinkle1988">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.241.4871.1319|pmid=17828935|bibcode=1988Sci...241.1319H|title=Detection of C3 in the Circumstellar Shell of IRC+10216|journal=Science|volume=241|issue=4871|pages=1319|year=1988|last1=Hinkle|first1=K. W|last2=Keady|first2=J. J|last3=Bernath|first3=P. F|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230984|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="maier2001">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/320668|bibcode=2001ApJ...553..267M|title=Detection of C3 in Diffuse Interstellar Clouds|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=553|issue=1|pages=267–273|year=2001|last1=Maier|first1=John P|last2=Lakin|first2=Nicholas M|last3=Walker|first3=Gordon A. H|last4=Bohlender|first4=David A|arxiv=astro-ph/0102449|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="hono">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935040|bibcode=2019A&A...623L..13C|arxiv=1903.03378|title=The ALMA-PILS survey: First detection of nitrous acid (HONO) in the interstellar medium|year=2019|last1=Coutens|first1=A.|last2=Ligterink|first2=N. F. W.|last3=Loison|first3=J.-C.|last4=Wakelam|first4=V.|last5=Calcutt|first5=H.|last6=Drozdovskaya|first6=M. N.|last7=Jørgensen|first7=J. K.|last8=Müller|first8=H. S. P.|last9=Van Dishoeck|first9=E. F.|last10=Wampfler|first10=S. F.|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=623|pages=L13|language=en}}</ref> |
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<!--- |
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<ref name="NASA-20140221">{{Cite web|last=Hoover|first=Rachel|title=Need to Track Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe? NASA's Got an App for That|url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/need-to-track-organic-nano-particles-across-the-universe-nasas-got-an-app-for-that/|date=2014-02-21|work=NASA|accessdate=2014-02-22|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="SP-20051018">{{Cite web|last=Carey|first=Bjorn|title=Life's Building Blocks 'Abundant in Space'|url=http://www.space.com/1686-life-building-blocks-abundant-space.html|date=2005-10-18|work=Space.com|accessdate=2014-03-03|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AJ-20051010">{{Cite journal|last1=Hudgins|first1=Douglas M.|last2=Bauschlicher, Jr|first2=Charles W.|last3=Allamandola|first3=L. J.|title=Variations in the Peak Position of the 6.2 μm Interstellar Emission Feature: A Tracer of N in the Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Population|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/632/1/316/fulltext/|date=2005-10-10|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=632|pages=316-332|accessdate=2014-03-03|doi=10.1086/432495|bibcode=2005ApJ...632..316H|issue=1|language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="NASA-20110413">{{Cite web|authors=Allamandola, Louis|title=Cosmic Distribution of Chemical Complexity|url=http://amesteam.arc.nasa.gov/Research/cosmic.html|date=2011-04-13|work=NASA|accessdate=2014-03-03|display-authors=etal|language=en}}</ref> |
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---> |
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}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
== 外部連結 == |
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* |
* {{Cite web|last=Woon|first=David E.|url=http://www.astrochymist.org/astrochymist_ism.html|title=Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules|date=2010-10-01|accessdate=2019-08-27|work=The Astrochymist|language=en}} |
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* {{Cite web|url=https://zeus.ph1.uni-koeln.de/cdms/molecules|title=Molecules in Space|publisher=[[科隆大學|Universität zu Köln]]|date=2019-01|accessdate=2019-08-27|language=en}} |
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* [http://www.astrochemistry.net/ List of interstellar molecules] by Andrew Markwick-Kemper |
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* {{Cite web|last=Dworkin|first=Jason P.|url=http://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/691/cosmicice/interstellar.html|title=The Cosmic Ice Laboratory - Interstellar Molecules|publisher=[[美國國家航空暨太空總署|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] [[戈達德太空飛行中心|Goddard Space Flight Center]]|date=2007-02-01|accessdate=2019-08-27|language=en}} |
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* [http://www-691.gsfc.nasa.gov/cosmic.ice.lab/interstellar.htm List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules from NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab] |
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* {{Cite web|last=Wootten|first=Al|url=https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~awootten/allmols.html|title=The reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules|publisher=[[美國國家電波天文台|National Radio Astronomy Observatory]]|date=2005-11|accessdate=2019-08-27|language=en}} |
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* [http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~awootten/allmols.html NRAO Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules] by Al Wootten |
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* {{Cite journal|author1=Lovas, F. J.|author2=Dragoset, R. A.|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/observed-interstellar-molecular-microwave-transitions| title=NIST Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecular Microwave Transitions, 2009 Revision|journal={{link-en|物理化學參考數據雜誌|Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data|Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data}}|via=[[國家標準暨技術研究院|National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (Last update date 2009-09)|volume=33|issue=1|pages=177|date=2004-02|accessdate=2019-08-27|bibcode=2004JPCRD..33..177L|doi=10.18434/T4JP4Q|language=en}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203005717/http://www.chl.chalmers.se/%7Enuma/astrophysics/molecules/molecules.html Observations of interstellar molecules] by Albert Nummelin |
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<!-- {{星際分子}} --> |
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[[Category:天体化学]] |
[[Category:天体化学]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:化學列表]] |
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[[Category:星际物质]] |
[[Category:星际物质]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:分子]] |
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2019年8月27日 (二) 08:21的版本
星際分子列表列出已在星際物質和星周包層中被檢測出的分子，並依照組成原子的數目分組。每一種分子均附其化學式，若有離子型式也會一併列出。
發現
本列表中的所有分子都是透過分光學檢測出來的。這些分子的光譜特徵是由不同能級之間組成電子的躍遷，或是通過旋轉、振動光譜產生的，多數會在光譜的無線電波、微波或紅外線部分被偵測出來[1]。
星際分子是由非常稀疏的星際或星周雲內的塵埃和氣體經化學反應而形成的，大部分時候於分子與宇宙射線相互作用、被電離時發生。射線中帶正電的質點會以靜電力吸引鄰近的中性粒子。反應也可以在中性的原子和分子之間發生，但進行的比較緩慢[2]。塵埃在使分子免受恆星發出的紫外線輻射的電離效應上具有關鍵作用[3]。
歷史
生命的化學反應可能是在大霹靂距今約138億年前不久之後，宇宙進入一段適居時期時開始的，當時宇宙的年齡約只有1億至1.7億歲[4][5]。
在星際物質（ISM）中檢測到的第一個含碳分子是甲炔（CH•），於1937年首次被檢測出來[6]。早在20世紀70年代早期便有證據顯示，宇宙塵埃是由數量眾多的複雜有機分子（COMs，可能是聚合物）所組成的[7]。天體物理學家錢德拉·維克拉瑪辛赫以甲醛分子為基礎提出聚合化合物存在於星際空間中的可能[8]；維克拉瑪辛赫並與弗雷德·霍伊爾據2175 Å的紫外線消光吸收分析鑑定出了雙環芳香族化合物的存在，從而證明了星際空間中存在著多環芳香烴（PAH/PAHs）分子[9]。
2004年，科學家在自紅矩形星雲發射的紫外線中檢測出了蒽和芘的光譜特徵，此等複雜的分子之前從未在外太空中被發現[10]。學界多認為此一發現證實了當與紅矩形星雲相同類型的星雲接近生命盡頭時，星雲核心中的碳和氫將因對流作用被束縛在恆星風中並向外輻射的假設[11]：當冷卻時，原子會彼此結合，最終形成含有百萬顆以上原子的大型粒子。科學家們並推斷，既然多環芳香烴是在星雲中被發現的，那其必然也是產生於星雲之中[10][11]。
2010年，富勒烯（又稱「巴克球」）在星雲中被檢測出來[12]。富勒烯與生命起源有著一定的關係；天文學家萊蒂西亞·絲糖蓋利尼（Letizia Stanghellini）說：「來自外太空的巴克球有可能為地球上的生命發展提供了種子。」[13] 2019年4月，科學家透過哈伯太空望遠鏡觀測星際物質時，在恆星間偵測到了大型、複雜的離子化巴克明斯特富勒烯（CH60）分子[14][15]。
2011年，科學家們利用光譜學發現，含有複雜有機化合物（「具有芳香族－脂肪族混合結構的無定形有機固體」）的宇宙塵埃可自然、快速地由恆星產生[16][17][18]。這些分子的化學結構非常複雜，其複雜程度已可與煤和石油的化學成分相比；之前學界普遍認為具有這種複雜程度的化學物質僅能由生物體產生[16]。觀察結果表明，由星際塵埃粒子引入地球的有機化合物基於其表面催化活性可以作為生命的基本要素[19][20]。其中一位科學家並認為這些化合物可能與地球上的生命發展相關，並表示：「如果這一假設為真，則地球上的生命可能會比我們想像的更容易萌芽，因為這些有機物可以作為生命的組成基礎。」[16]
2012年8月，哥本哈根大學的天文學家在一個遙遠星系中的原恆星周圍發現了乙醇醛，一種有機化合物；此恆星的編號為IRAS 16293-2422，距離地球約400光年[21][22]。乙醇醛是組成核糖核酸（RNA）的必要物質之一，而RNA可在遺傳編碼、轉譯、調控及基因表現等過程中發揮作用。這一發現表明複雜的有機分子可能在行星形成之前即在恆星系統中產生，並最終到達正在發展的早期行星上[23]。
2012年9月，美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）的科學家提出報告，認為多環芳香烴在星際物質環境中會經氫化、氧化及羥基化等作用形成更複雜的有機化合物，「逐步向形成核苷酸和胺基酸（分別為蛋白質和去氧核醣核酸/DNA）的道路前進」[24][25]。此外，在轉變的過程中，多環芳香烴物質將喪失其光譜特徵，「或許就是為什麼在星際冰（尤其是寒冷、濃密的星雲）及原行星盤的上部分子層中很少偵測到多環芳香烴存在的原因之一」[24][25]。
多環芳香烴在宇宙中隨處可見[26]。2013年6月，多環芳香烴在土星最大的衛星土衛六（俗稱「泰坦」）上被偵測出來[27]。
2013年8月，里兹大學的德威恩·赫德（Dwayne Heard）認為量子力學中的量子穿隧效應可以解釋他的實驗小組觀察到的現象，即。量子穿隧效應有助於解釋複雜分子（由數十個以上的原子所組成）於星際空間中的存在理據[28]。
2015年3月，NASA的科學家報告其實驗室已成功利用嘧啶（常見於隕石中）等基本化學物質，在外太空模擬環境下生成包括尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶在內的DNA和RNA等複雜有機化合物。據科學家的說法，嘧啶的形成過程與多環芳香烴相似，可能是在紅巨星、星際塵埃或氣體雲中生成的[29]。
2016年10月，天文學家稱甲炔、碳氫正離子（CH+）和碳離子（C+）等生命形成所需的基本要素大部分是自恆星發出的紫外線中產生的，而非像之前料想的與超新星和年輕恆星擾動相關的事件等其他生成途徑[30][31]。
人馬座B2是宇宙中星際分子含量最豐富的區域之一。人馬座B2是一個由氣體和塵埃組成的分子雲，橫躺在銀河系的中心附近，常成為天文學的研究標的。本列表中大約有一半的分子最初都是在人馬座B2內被發現的，而幾乎所有已知的星際分子目前也都能在此處檢測出來[32]。另一個常作為星際分子調查來源的地點是獅子座CW（即IRC +10216星），有多達50種分子在那裡被檢測出來[33]。
理論模型
要解釋觀察到的異構物的比例，就必須運用最小能量原理。在大多數情況中，最小能量原理能夠解釋為何某些分子因為總能量較低的緣故在星際空間的含量較其異構物豐富，不過也有一些例外存在[34]。這些例外有些可以利用其他分子參數解決，例如偶極極化率（dipole polarizabilty）也會影響異構物的豐度：極化率較低的分子在星際空間的含量會比平均極化率較高的分子更豐富[35]。此現象的成因來自於與宇宙中各種輻射原理相似之極化率與外部電場下分子行為的相關性。
另一種解釋則完全忽略能量問題，只處理透過資訊熵指數（information entropy index）計算的分子複雜性。此解釋推測一些分子的組成物質參數值（如尿素、嘧啶、二羥基丙酮、尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶、甘氨酸和丙氨酸等）因落入已知星際分子典型值的範圍內，使這些分子在星際環境中被發現的可能性較其他分子要高。此外，資訊熵大的分子，即那些結構最複雜的分子，占有星際集合的一半之多，其百分比隨著分子大小而遞減。此一趨勢也有可能與分子化學結構之均勻度和穩定性的不同有關，因為大尺寸的可檢測分子更可能擁有對稱而非不對稱的分子結構。實際觀察中檢測到的大量低熵、結構高度對稱的富勒烯分子為這一假設提供了支持理據。另外，資訊熵也反映了物質的氫化深度：資訊熵大的分子缺少氫氣組成，而其他多數分子皆含有大量的氫[36]。
分子列表
下列出已在星際物質和星周包層中被檢測出的分子，並依照組成原子的數目分組。每一種分子均附其化學式，若有離子型式也會一併列出。若該分子只有離子的形式被檢測出來，則分子一欄留空；若未在科學文獻中定名者，分子一欄亦會留空。下列表格中質量一格數據採用之計量單位為原子質量單位。每小節標題會列出該小節所含之分子總數。
目前大部分被偵測出的星際分子都是有機化合物。在所有組成原子數目達五個以上的分子中，只有甲矽烷（SiH4）是無機化合物，其他分子都具有至少一個碳原子，而沒有N-N或O-O鍵[37]。
雙原子（44）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AlCl | Aluminium monochloride[39][40] | 一氯化鋁 | 62.5 | － |
| AlF | Aluminium monofluoride[39][41] | 一氟化鋁 | 46 | － |
| AlO | Aluminium monoxide[42] | 一氧化鋁 | 43 | － |
| － | Argonium[43][44] | 氬氫離子 | 41 | ArH+ |
| C2 | Diatomic carbon[45][46] | 雙原子碳 | 24 | － |
| － | Fluoromethylidynium | 氟化次甲基正離子 | 31 | CF+[47] |
| CH | Methylidyne radical[30][48] | 次甲基自由基 | 13 | CH+[49] |
| CN | Cyanogen radical[39][48][50][51] | 氰基自由基 | 26 | CN+[52] CN−[53] |
| CO | Carbon monoxide[39][54][55] | 一氧化碳 | 28 | CO+[56] |
| CP | Carbon monophosphide[51] | 一磷化碳 | 43 | － |
| CS | Carbon monosulfide[39] | 一硫化碳 | 44 | － |
| FeO | Iron(II) oxide[57] | 氧化亞鐵 | 82 | － |
| － | Helium hydride ion[58][59] | 氦合氫離子 | 5 | HeH+ |
| H2 | Molecular hydrogen[60] | 氫分子 | 2 | － |
| HCl | Hydrogen chloride[61] | 氯化氫 | 36.5 | HCl+[62] |
| HF | Hydrogen fluoride[63] | 氟化氫 | 20 | － |
| HO | Hydroxyl radical[39] | 羥基自由基 | 17 | OH+[64] |
| KCl | Potassium chloride[39][40] | 氯化鉀 | 75.5 | － |
| NH | Imidogen[65][66] | 一氫化氮 | 15 | － |
| N2 | Molecular nitrogen[67][68] | 氮分子 | 28 | － |
| NO | Nitric oxide[69] | 一氧化氮 | 30 | NO+[52] |
| NS | Sulfur mononitride[39] | 一氮化硫 | 46 | － |
| NaCl | Sodium chloride[39][40] | 氯化鈉 | 58.5 | － |
| － | Magnesium monohydride cation | 一氫化鎂正離子 | 25.3 | MgH+[52] |
| NaI | Sodium iodide[70] | 碘化鈉 | 150 | － |
| O2 | Molecular oxygen[71] | 氧分子 | 32 | － |
| PN | Phosphorus mononitride[72] | 一氮化磷 | 45 | － |
| PO | Phosphorus monoxide[73] | 一氧化磷 | 47 | － |
| SH | Sulfur monohydride[74] | 硫氫化鈉 | 33 | SH+[75] |
| SO | Sulfur monoxide[39] | 一氧化硫 | 48 | SO+[49] |
| SiC | Carborundum[39][76] | 碳化矽 | 40 | － |
| SiN | Silicon mononitride[39] | 一氮化矽 | 42 | － |
| SiO | Silicon monoxide[39] | 一氧化矽 | 44 | － |
| SiS | Silicon monosulfide[39] | 一硫化矽 | 60 | － |
| TiO | Titanium(II) oxide[77] | 氧化亞鈦 | 63.9 | － |
三原子（41）
3）是宇宙中含量最豐富的離子之一，於1993年首次被偵測[78][79]
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AlNC | Aluminium isocyanide[39] | 鋁異腈 | 53 | － |
| AlOH | Aluminium hydroxide[80] | 氫氧化鋁 | 44 | － |
| C3 | Tricarbon[81][82] | 三碳 | 36 | － |
| C2H | Ethynyl radical[39][50] | 乙炔基 | 25 | － |
| CCN | Cyanomethylidyne[83] | － | 38 | － |
| C2O | Dicarbon monoxide[84] | 一氧化二碳 | 40 | － |
| C2S | Thioxoethenylidene[85] | 一氧化二硫 | 56 | － |
| C2P | －[86] | － | 55 | － |
| CO2 | Carbon dioxide[87] | 二氧化碳 | 44 | － |
| FeCN | Iron cyanide[88] | 氰化鐵 | 82 | － |
| － | Protonated molecular hydrogen | 三氫正離子 | 3 | H+ 3[78][79] |
| H2C | Methylene radical[89] | 甲烯 | 14 | － |
| － | Chloronium | 氫鎓離子 | 37.5 | H2Cl+[90] |
| H2O | Water[91] | 水 | 18 | H2O+[92] |
| HO2 | Hydroperoxyl[93] | 超氧化氫 | 33 | － |
| H2S | Hydrogen sulfide[39] | 硫化氫 | 34 | － |
| HCN | Hydrogen cyanide[39][50][94] | 氰化氫 | 27 | － |
| HNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[95][96] | 異氫氰酸 | 27 | － |
| HCO | Formyl radical[97] | 甲酰基 | 29 | HCO+[49][97][98] |
| HCP | Phosphaethyne[99] | 磷雜乙炔 | 44 | － |
| HCS | Thioformyl[100] | 硫甲醯基 | 45 | HCS+[49][98] |
| － | Diazenylium[98][49][101] | 二亞胺氮鎓離子 | 29 | HN+ 2 |
| HNO | Nitroxyl[102] | 次硝酸 | 31 | － |
| － | Isoformyl | － | 29 | HOC+[50] |
| HSC | Isothioformyl[100] | － | 45 | － |
| KCN | Potassium cyanide[39] | 氰化鉀 | 65 | － |
| MgCN | Magnesium cyanide[39] | 氰化鎂 | 50 | － |
| MgNC | Magnesium isocyanide[39] | 異氰酸鎂 | 50 | － |
| NH2 | Amino radical[103] | 氨基自由基 | 16 | － |
| N2O | Nitrous oxide[104] | 一氧化二氮 | 44 | － |
| NaCN | Sodium cyanide[39] | 氰化鈉 | 49 | － |
| NaOH | Sodium hydroxide[105] | 氫氧化鈉 | 40 | － |
| OCS | Carbonyl sulfide[106] | 羰基硫 | 60 | － |
| O3 | Ozone[107] | 臭氧 | 48 | － |
| SO2 | Sulfur dioxide[39][108] | 二氧化硫 | 64 | － |
| c-SiC2 | c-Silicon dicarbide[39][76] | c-二碳化矽 | 52 | － |
| SiCSi | Disilicon carbide[109] | － | 68 | － |
| SiCN | Silicon carbonitride[110] | 碳氮化矽 | 54 | － |
| SiNC | －[111] | － | 54 | － |
| TiO2 | Titanium dioxide[77] | 二氧化鈦 | 79.9 | － |
四原子（28）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH3 | Methyl radical[113] | 甲基 | 15 | — |
| l-C3H | Propynylidyne[39][114] | － | 37 | l-C3H+[115] |
| c-C3H | Cyclopropynylidyne[116] | 環丙炔基 | 37 | — |
| C3N | Cyanoethynyl[117] | 氰乙基 | 50 | C3N−[118] |
| C3O | Tricarbon monoxide[114] | 一氧化三碳 | 52 | — |
| C3S | Tricarbon sulfide[39][85] | 一硫化三碳 | 68 | — |
| — | Hydronium | 水合氫離子 | 19 | H3O+[119] |
| C2H2 | Acetylene[120] | 乙炔 | 26 | — |
| H2CN | Methylene amidogen[121] | － | 28 | H2CN+[49] |
| H2CO | Formaldehyde[112] | 甲醛 | 30 | — |
| H2CS | Thioformaldehyde[122] | 硫甲醛 | 46 | — |
| HCCN | —[123] | — | 39 | — |
| HCCO | Ketenyl[124] | 乙烯酮 | 41 | — |
| — | Protonated hydrogen cyanide | 質子化的氰化氫 | 28 | HCNH+[98] |
| — | Protonated carbon dioxide | 質子化的二氧化碳 | 45 | HOCO+[125] |
| HCNO | Fulminic acid[126] | 雷酸 | 43 | — |
| HOCN | Cyanic acid[127] | 氰酸 | 43 | — |
| CNCN | Isocyanogen[128] | — | 52 | — |
| HOOH | Hydrogen peroxide[129] | 過氧化氫 | 34 | — |
| HNCO | Isocyanic acid[108] | 異氰酸 | 43 | — |
| HNCS | Isothiocyanic acid[130] | 異硫氰酸 | 59 | — |
| NH3 | Ammonia[39][131] | 氨 | 17 | — |
| HSCN | Thiocyanic acid[132] | 硫氰酸 | 59 | — |
| SiC3 | Silicon tricarbide[39] | 三碳化矽 | 64 | — |
| HMgNC | Hydromagnesium isocyanide[133] | 異氰酸氫鎂 | 51.3 | — |
| HNO2 | Nitrous acid[134] | 亞硝酸 | 47 | — |
五原子（20）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| － | Ammonium ion[136][137] | 銨離子 | 18 | NH+ 4 |
| CH4 | Methane[138] | 甲烷 | 16 | － |
| CH3O | Methoxy radical[139] | 甲氧基 | 31 | － |
| c-C3H2 | Cyclopropenylidene[50][140][141] | 亞環丙烯基自由基 | 38 | － |
| l-H2C3 | Propadienylidene[141] | 亞丙二烯基 | 38 | － |
| H2CCN | Cyanomethyl[142] | 氰甲基自由基 | 40 | － |
| H2C2O | Ketene[108] | 乙烯酮 | 42 | － |
| H2CNH | Methylenimine[143] | 甲亞胺 | 29 | － |
| HNCNH | Carbodiimide[144] | 碳二亞胺 | 42 | － |
| － | Protonated formaldehyde | 質子化的甲醛 | 31 | H2COH+[145] |
| C4H | Butadiynyl[39] | 丁二炔基 | 49 | C4H−[146] |
| HC3N | Cyanoacetylene[39][50][98][147][148] | 氰基乙炔 | 51 | － |
| HCC-NC | Isocyanoacetylene[149] | 異氰基乙炔 | 51 | － |
| HCOOH | Formic acid[150][147] | 甲酸 | 46 | － |
| NH2CN | Cyanamide[151] | 氨基氰 | 42 | － |
| － | Protonated cyanogen | 質子化的氰 | 53 | NCCNH+[152] |
| HC(O)CN | Cyanoformaldehyde[153] | 甲醯腈 | 55 | － |
| C5 | Linear C5[154] | 五碳 | 60 | － |
| SiC4 | Silicon-carbide cluster[76] | 碳化矽簇合物 | 92 | － |
| SiH4 | Silane[155] | 矽烷 | 32 | － |
六原子（16）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| c-H2C3O | Cyclopropenone[157] | 環丙烯酮 | 54 | － |
| E-HNCHCN | E-Cyanomethanimine[158] | － | 54 | － |
| C2H4 | Ethylene[159] | 乙烯 | 28 | － |
| CH3CN | Acetonitrile[108][160][161] | 乙腈 | 40 | － |
| CH3NC | Methyl isocyanide[160] | 甲基異腈 | 40 | － |
| CH3OH | Methanol[108][162] | 甲醇 | 32 | － |
| CH3SH | Methanethiol[163] | 甲基硫醇 | 48 | － |
| l-H2C4 | Diacetylene[39][164] | 丁二炔 | 50 | － |
| － | Protonated cyanoacetylene | 質子化的氰基乙炔 | 52 | HC3NH+[98] |
| HCONH2 | Formamide[156] | 甲醯胺 | 44 | － |
| C5H | Pentynylidyne[39][85] | 亞戊基 | 61 | － |
| C5N | Cyanobutadiynyl radical[165] | 氰基丁二烯基 | 74 | － |
| HC2CHO | Propynal[166] | 丙炔醛 | 54 | － |
| HC4N | －[39] | － | 63 | － |
| CH2CNH | Ketenimine[140] | 氮丙環 | 40 | － |
| C5S | －[167] | － | 92 | － |
七原子（11）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| c-C2H4O | Ethylene oxide[169] | 環氧乙烷 | 44 | － |
| CH3C2H | Methylacetylene[50] | 丙炔 | 40 | － |
| H3CNH2 | Methylamine[170] | 甲胺 | 31 | － |
| CH2CHCN | Acrylonitrile[108][160] | 丙烯腈 | 53 | － |
| H2CHCOH | Vinyl alcohol[168] | 乙烯醇 | 44 | － |
| C6H | Hexatriynyl radical[39][85] | 己三炔基 | 73 | C6H−[141][171] |
| HC4CN | Cyanodiacetylene[108][148][160] | 氰基丁二炔 | 75 | － |
| HC5O | －[172] | － | 77 | － |
| CH3CHO | Acetaldehyde[39][169] | 乙醛 | 44 | － |
| CH3NCO | Methyl isocyanate[173] | 異氰酸甲酯 | 57 | － |
| HOCH2CN | Glycolonitrile[174] | 羥基乙腈 | 57 | － |
八原子（11）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H3CC2CN | Methylcyanoacetylene[176] | 甲基氰基乙炔 | 65 | － |
| H2COHCHO | Glycolaldehyde[177] | 乙醇醛 | 60 | － |
| HCOOCH3 | Methyl formate[108][147][177] | 甲酸甲酯 | 60 | － |
| CH3COOH | Acetic acid[175] | 乙酸 | 60 | － |
| H2C6 | Hexapentaenylidene[39][164] | 亞己五烯基 | 74 | － |
| CH2CHCHO | Propenal[140] | 丙烯醛 | 56 | － |
| CH2CCHCN | Cyanoallene[140][176] | 氰基丙二烯 | 65 | － |
| CH3CHNH | Ethanimine[178] | 亞氨基乙烷 | 43 | － |
| C7H | Heptatrienyl radical[179] | 庚三烯基自由基 | 85 | － |
| NH2CH2CN | Aminoacetonitrile[180] | 氨基乙腈 | 56 | － |
| (NH2)2CO | Urea[181] | 尿素 | 60 | － |
九原子（10）
| 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH3C4H | Methyldiacetylene[182] | 甲基丁二炔 | 64 | － |
| CH3OCH3 | Dimethyl Ether[183] | 二甲醚 | 46 | － |
| CH3CH2CN | Propionitrile[39][108][160] | 丙腈 | 55 | － |
| CH3CONH2 | Acetamide[140][156] | 乙醯胺 | 59 | － |
| CH3CH2OH | Ethanol[184] | 乙醇 | 46 | － |
| C8H | Octatetraynyl radical[185] | 辛四炔自由基 | 97 | C8H−[186][187] |
| HC7N | Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene[39][131][188][189] |
氰基己三炔 | 99 | － |
| CH3CHCH2 | Propylene Propene[190] |
丙烯 | 42 | － |
| CH3CH2SH | Ethyl mercaptan[191] | 乙硫醇 | 62 | － |
超過九個原子（17）
| 分子數 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | (CH3)2CO | Acetone[108][192] | 丙酮 | 58 | － |
| 10 | (CH2OH)2 | Ethylene glycol[193][194] | 乙二醇 | 62 | － |
| 10 | CH3CH2CHO | Propanal[140] | 丙醛 | 58 | － |
| 10 | CH3OCH2OH | Methoxymethanol[195] | 甲氧基甲醇 | 62 | － |
| 10 | CH3C5N | Methylcyanodiacetylene[140] | 甲基氰基丁二炔 | 89 | － |
| 10 | CH3CHCH2O | Propylene oxide[196] | 環氧丙烷 | 58 | － |
| 11 | HC8CN | Cyanotetraacetylene[39][188] | 氰基辛四炔 | 123 | － |
| 11 | C2H5OCHO | Ethyl formate[197] | 甲酸乙酯 | 74 | － |
| 11 | CH3COOCH3 | Methyl acetate[198] | 乙酸甲酯 | 74 | － |
| 11 | CH3C6H | Methyltriacetylene[140][182] | 甲基己三炔 | 88 | － |
| 12 | C6H6 | Benzene[164] | 苯 | 78 | － |
| 12 | C3H7CN | n-Propyl cyanide[197] | 丁腈 | 69 | － |
| 12 | (CH3)2CHCN | iso-Propyl cyanide[199][200] | 異丁腈 | 69 | － |
| 13 | C 6H 5CN |
Benzonitrile[201] | 苯甲腈 | 104 | － |
| 13 | HC10CN | Cyanopentaacetylene[188] | 氰基癸五炔 | 147 | － |
| 60 | C60 | Buckminsterfullerene C60 fullerene[202] |
富勒烯 | 720 | C+ 60[14][15][203][204] |
| 70 | C70 | C70 fullerene[202] | C70富勒烯 | 840 | － |
含氘原子的分子（20）
| 分子數 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | HD | Hydrogen deuteride[205][206] | 氘化氫 |
| 3 | H2D+ HD+ 2 |
Trihydrogen cation[205][206] | 三氫正離子 |
| 3 | HDO D2O |
Heavy water[207][208] | 重水 |
| 3 | DCN | Hydrogen cyanide[209] | 氰化氫 |
| 3 | DCO | Formyl radical[209] | 甲醯基 |
| 3 | DNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[209] | 異氫氰酸 |
| 3 | N2D+ | －[209] | － |
| 4 | NH2D NHD2 ND3 |
Ammonia[206][210][211] | 氨 |
| 4 | HDCO D2CO |
Formaldehyde[206][212] | 甲醛 |
| 4 | DNCO | Isocyanic acid[213] | 異氰酸 |
| 5 | NH3D+ | Ammonium ion[214][215] | 銨離子 |
| 6 | NH 2CDO NHDCHO |
Formamide[213] | 甲醯胺 |
| 7 | CH2DCCH CH3CCD |
Methylacetylene[216][217] | 甲基乙炔 |
未經證實的分子（12）
以下分子存在於星際空間中的證據曾在科學文獻中被提及，然而這些證據不是被文獻作者描述為「暫定性的」，就是曾被其他學者所挑戰。這些分子存在於星際空間中的證據仍待更多獨立研究證實。
| 分子數 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | SiH | Silylidine[95] | － |
| 4 | PH3 | Phosphine[218] | 膦 |
| 4 | MgCCH | Magnesium monoacetylide[167] | 乙炔酸鎂 |
| 4 | NCCP | Cyanophosphaethyne[167] | － |
| 5 | H2NCO+ | －[219] | － |
| 4 | SiH3CN | Silyl cyanide[167] | 氰基甲基矽烷 |
| 10 | H2NCH2COOH | Glycine[220][221] | 甘氨酸 |
| 12 | CO(CH2OH)2 | Dihydroxyacetone[222] | 二羥基丙酮 |
| 12 | C2H5OCH3 | Ethyl methyl ether[223] | 甲乙醚 |
| 18 | C 10H+ 8 |
Naphthalene cation[224] | 萘 |
| 24 | C24 | Graphene[225] | 石墨烯 |
| 24 | C14H10 | Anthracene[10][226] | 蒽 |
| 26 | C16H10 | Pyrene[10] | 芘 |
參見
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外部連結
- Woon, David E. Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules. The Astrochymist. 2010-10-01 [2019-08-27] （英语）.
- Molecules in Space. Universität zu Köln. 2019-01 [2019-08-27] （英语）.
- Dworkin, Jason P. The Cosmic Ice Laboratory - Interstellar Molecules. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center. 2007-02-01 [2019-08-27] （英语）.
- Wootten, Al. The reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 2005-11 [2019-08-27] （英语）.
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