動物總界

動物總界
	前方為象耳海綿（Agelas clathrodes），後方則是兩種珊瑚：黑海扇（Iciligorgia schrammi）及巨裂孔柳珊瑚（Plexaurella nutans）.
科學分類
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
演化支：	單鞭毛生物 Amorphea
演化支：	OBA 超類群 Obazoa
演化支：	後鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
總界：	動物總界 Holozoa; Lang et al., 2002
演化支
	中菌動物綱 Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea); 多形壺菌 Pluriformea 珊瑚壺菌 Corallochytrium; Syssomonas; ; 蜷絲動物 Filozoa 蜷絲球蟲綱 Filasterea; 領鞭毛動物 Choanozoa 領鞭毛蟲綱 Choanoflagellata; 動物界 Animalia; ; ;

動物總界（學名：Holozoa）是後鞭毛生物的一個演化支，包括了動物和其它與動物界近緣、但與真菌界遠緣的單細胞親屬在內。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]另外，Holozoa也是長帶海鞘屬（Distaplia）的舊學名。^[5]

種系發生

基於2011年多基因分析，後鞭毛生物各演化支的關係如下圖所示^[6]^[7]^[8]，真菌總界的分類則基於Tedersoo等人的研究。^[9]

後鞭毛生物

真菌總界

核形蟲綱

	泉生蟲目（英語：Fonticulida）

	核形蟲目

BCG2

	真菌界

	Aphelida（英語：Aphelida）

BCG1

羅茲菌門/

羅茲菌（英語：Rozella）

	Namako-37

	微孢子蟲

動物總界

中菌動物

多形動物（英語：Pluriformea）

	Syssomonas（英語：Syssomonas）

	珊瑚壺菌（英語：Corallochytrium）

蜷絲動物

蜷絲球蟲綱

領鞭毛動物

	領鞭毛蟲

	動物界

參考文獻

^ Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?. Biochemistry Mosc. December 2007, 72 (12): 1313–23 [2019-09-29]. PMID 18205615. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-13）.
^ The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr. Biol. October 2002, 12 (20): 1773–8. PMID 12401173. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9.
^ Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098.
^ The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus. Gene. August 2009, 442 (1–2): 63–72. PMID 19393304. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011.
^ Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo. Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc. Scientia Marina. 2005, 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.
^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 16 August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–13629. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 21 September 2015, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 （英語）.
^ Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006.
^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018, 90 (1): 135–159. ISSN 1560-2745. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 （英語）.

[pmid18205615-1] Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?. Biochemistry Mosc. December 2007, 72 (12): 1313–23 [2019-09-29]. PMID 18205615. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-13）.

[pmid12401173-2] The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Curr. Biol. October 2002, 12 (20): 1773–8. PMID 12401173. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9.

[pmid18461162-3] Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098.

[pmid19393304-4] The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus. Gene. August 2009, 442 (1–2): 63–72. PMID 19393304. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011.

[5] Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo. Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc. Scientia Marina. 2005, 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.

[6] Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 16 August 2011, 108 (33): 13624–13629. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108.

[7] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 21 September 2015, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 （英語）.

[8] Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006.

[9] Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018, 90 (1): 135–159. ISSN 1560-2745. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 （英語）.

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