咽炎:修订间差异

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'''咽炎'''({{lang-en|Pharyngitis}})是指人類喉部深處,即俗稱[[咽]]([[咽喉]]后部)出现的[[炎症]]<ref name=EB2015/>。通常会导致[[咽喉痛]]、 [[发热]]。<ref name=EB2015/>其他病徵可能包括流鼻水还可能有流鼻涕、[[咳嗽]]、头痛、{{tsl|en|hoarse voice|声音沙哑}}等症状。<ref name=Rut2015/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Oral and maxillofacial pathology|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/dura/browse/bookChapter/3-s2.0-C20110077025|url-access=subscription|publisher=Elsevier|last1=Neville|first=Brad W.|last2=Damm|first2=Douglas D.|last3=Allen|first3=Carl M.|last4=Chi|first4=Angela C.|year=2016|isbn=9781455770526|edition=4th|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=166|oclc=908336985}}</ref>通常会持续3到5天。<ref name=EB2015/>也可能并发[[鼻竇炎]]、[[中耳炎|急性中耳炎]]。<ref name="EB2015" />咽炎是一种上呼吸道感染。<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharyngitis|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Pharyngitis&field=entry#TreeC08.730.561|website=National Library of Medicine|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520133301/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Pharyngitis&field=entry#TreeC08.730.561|archive-date=20 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
'''咽炎'''({{lang-en|Pharyngitis}})是指人類喉部深處,即俗稱[[咽]]([[咽喉]]后部)出现的[[炎症]]<ref name=EB2015/>。通常会导致[[咽喉痛]]、 [[发热]]。<ref name=EB2015/>其他病徵可能包括流鼻水还可能有流鼻涕、[[咳嗽]]、头痛、{{tsl|en|hoarse voice|声音沙哑}}等症状。<ref name=Rut2015/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Oral and maxillofacial pathology|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/dura/browse/bookChapter/3-s2.0-C20110077025|url-access=subscription|publisher=Elsevier|last1=Neville|first=Brad W.|last2=Damm|first2=Douglas D.|last3=Allen|first3=Carl M.|last4=Chi|first4=Angela C.|year=2016|isbn=9781455770526|edition=4th|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=166|oclc=908336985}}</ref>通常会持续3到5天。<ref name=EB2015/>也可能并发[[鼻竇炎]]、[[中耳炎|急性中耳炎]]。<ref name="EB2015" />咽炎是一种上呼吸道感染。<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharyngitis|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Pharyngitis&field=entry#TreeC08.730.561|website=National Library of Medicine|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520133301/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Pharyngitis&field=entry#TreeC08.730.561|archive-date=20 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


大多数病例是由[[病毒感染]]所致。<ref name=EB2015/>在美國,另一種由細感染所引發的{{le|咽喉炎|Strep throat}}則占了25%的10%的成人病<ref name=EB2015/>比較少見的病因包括感染[[淋球菌]]或[[真菌]]等其他細菌,或是因抽煙、[[過敏]]及[[胃食道逆流]]而引起。<ref name=EB2015/><ref name=Web2014/>咽炎患者若已表現出明確的病毒感染症狀,例如[[感冒]]時,並不建議再作特別的檢查<ref name=EB2015/>。反之,則建議作{{le|抗原快篩|Rapid antigen test}}(RAPD)或{{le|醫學檢體|Sampling (medicine)|咽喉檢體培養}}(throat swab)。<ref name=EB2015/>其他疾病,如[[會厭炎]]、[[甲狀腺炎]]、{{le|咽後膿瘍|Retropharyngeal abscess}}及[[心臟病]]也可能會引起類似的症狀。<ref name=EB2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hildreth|first1=AF|last2=Takhar|first2=S|last3=Clark|first3=MA|last4=Hatten|first4=B|title=Evidence-Based Evaluation And Management Of Patients With Pharyngitis In The Emergency Department.|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=September 2015|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1–16; quiz 16–7|pmid=26276908}}</ref>
大多数病例是由[[病毒感染]]所致。<ref name=EB2015/>而[[链球性咽炎|链球菌性咽喉炎]]是一种细菌感染所致,在美国,约25%的10%的成人患有此疾<ref name=EB2015/>比較少見的病因包括感染[[淋球菌]]或[[真菌]]等其他細菌,或是因抽煙、[[過敏]]及[[胃食道逆流]]而引起。<ref name=EB2015/><ref name=Web2014/>咽炎患者若已表現出明確的病毒感染症狀,例如[[感冒]]時,並不建議再作特別的檢查<ref name=EB2015/>。反之,則建議作{{le|抗原快篩|Rapid antigen test}}(RAPD)或{{le|醫學檢體|Sampling (medicine)|咽喉檢體培養}}(throat swab)。<ref name=EB2015/>其他疾病,如[[會厭炎]]、[[甲狀腺炎]]、{{le|咽後膿瘍|Retropharyngeal abscess}}及[[心臟病]]也可能會引起類似的症狀。<ref name=EB2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hildreth|first1=AF|last2=Takhar|first2=S|last3=Clark|first3=MA|last4=Hatten|first4=B|title=Evidence-Based Evaluation And Management Of Patients With Pharyngitis In The Emergency Department.|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=September 2015|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1–16; quiz 16–7|pmid=26276908}}</ref>


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給予病患如[[布洛芬]](ibuprofen)等[[非類固醇抗發炎藥物]](NSAIDs)可有助於減緩疼痛<ref name=EB2015/>,服用[[利多卡因]](lidocaine)混合溶液也有效果<ref name=Web2014/> 。咽喉炎則通常使用[[盤尼西林]]或[[阿莫西林]]等[[抗生素]]治療<ref name=EB2015/>。[[類固醇]]雖可用以治療情況嚴重的病患,但是否對急性咽炎也有效,則尚不明確。
給予病患如[[布洛芬]](ibuprofen)等[[非類固醇抗發炎藥物]](NSAIDs)可有助於減緩疼痛<ref name=EB2015/>,服用[[利多卡因]](lidocaine)混合溶液也有效果<ref name=Web2014/> 。咽喉炎則通常使用[[盤尼西林]]或[[阿莫西林]]等[[抗生素]]治療<ref name=EB2015/>。[[類固醇]]雖可用以治療情況嚴重的病患,但是否對急性咽炎也有效,則尚不明確,但最近(2020年)的一项审查发现,当与抗生素联合使用时,类固醇可适度改善疼痛和缓解的可能性<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Principi|first1=N|last2=Bianchini|first2=S|last3=Baggi|first3=E|last4=Esposito|first4=S|title=No evidence for the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in acute pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia and acute otitis media.|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|date=February 2013|volume=32|issue=2|pages=151–60|pmid=22993127|doi=10.1007/s10096-012-1747-y|pmc=7087613}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=de Cassan|first1=Simone|last2=Thompson|first2=Matthew J.|last3=Perera|first3=Rafael|last4=Glasziou|first4=Paul P.|last5=Del Mar|first5=Chris B.|last6=Heneghan|first6=Carl J.|last7=Hayward|first7=Gail|date=1 May 2020|title=Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356360|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD008268|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008268.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmc=7193118|pmid=32356360}}</ref>


<!-- Epidemiology, society and culture -->
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在美國,約有7.5%的人每3個月就會感到1次喉嚨痛<ref name=Jones2016>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Roger|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=674|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA674|accessdate=2016-08-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323100655/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA674|dead-url=no}}</ref> ,而每年罹患2至3次咽炎也非罕見<ref name=Rut2015>{{cite book|last1=Rutter|first1=Paul Professor|last2=Newby|first2=David|title=Community Pharmacy ANZ: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780729583459|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbjVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105020747/https://books.google.com/books?id=NbjVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|archivedate=2020-11-05|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>。2007年在美國因此症就診的人數高達1500萬人<ref name=Web2014>{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=R|title=Pharyngitis.|journal=Primary care|date=March 2014|volume=41|issue=1|pages=91–8|pmid=24439883|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.010}}</ref> ,是喉嚨痛最常見的原因<ref name=Rosen2010>{{cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |edition=7th |last=Marx |first=John |year=2010 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-323-05472-0 |at=Chapter 30 |url= }}</ref>。英文「'''Pharyngitis'''」這個字是源自希臘文「pharynx」,意為「[[喉嚨]]」,然後再加上「itis」,意為「發炎」的字尾.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beachey|first1=Will|title=Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, Foundations for Clinical Practice,3: Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=0323078664|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBzD30OmrSwC&pg=PA5|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105020752/https://books.google.com/books?id=LBzD30OmrSwC&pg=PA5|archivedate=2020-11-05|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hegner|first1=Barbara|last2=Acello|first2=Barbara|last3=Caldwell|first3=Esther|title=Nursing Assistant: A Nursing Process Approach – Basics|date=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781111780500|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LopsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105020757/https://books.google.com/books?id=LopsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|archivedate=2020-11-05|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>
在美國,約有7.5%的人每3個月就會感到1次喉嚨痛<ref name=Jones2016>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Roger|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=674|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA674|accessdate=2016-08-04|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323100655/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA674|dead-url=no}}</ref> ,而每年罹患2至3次咽炎也非罕見<ref name=Rut2015>{{cite book|last1=Rutter|first1=Paul Professor|last2=Newby|first2=David|title=Community Pharmacy ANZ: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780729583459|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbjVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105020747/https://books.google.com/books?id=NbjVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|archivedate=2020-11-05|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>。2007年在美國因此症就診的人數高達1500萬人<ref name=Web2014>{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=R|title=Pharyngitis.|journal=Primary care|date=March 2014|volume=41|issue=1|pages=91–8|pmid=24439883|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.010}}</ref> ,是喉嚨痛最常見的原因<ref name=Rosen2010>{{cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |edition=7th |last=Marx |first=John |year=2010 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-323-05472-0 |at=Chapter 30 |url= }}</ref>。英文「'''Pharyngitis'''」這個字是源自希臘文「pharynx」,意為「[[喉嚨]]」,然後再加上「itis」,意為「發炎」的字尾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beachey|first1=Will|title=Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, Foundations for Clinical Practice,3: Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323078665|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBzD30OmrSwC&pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192747/https://books.google.com/books?id=LBzD30OmrSwC&pg=PA5|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hegner|first1=Barbara|last2=Acello|first2=Barbara|last3=Caldwell|first3=Esther|title=Nursing Assistant: A Nursing Process Approach – Basics|date=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781111780500|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LopsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192747/https://books.google.com/books?id=LopsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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2021年8月1日 (日) 21:15的版本

咽炎
同义词急性嗓子疼痛
病毒性咽炎。注意红肿。
读音
症状咽喉痛发热、流鼻涕、咳嗽、头疼、声音沙哑[1][2]
併發症鼻竇炎急性中耳炎[2]
病程3至5天[2]
肇因一般是通过病毒感染[2]
診斷方法按症状,快速抗原测试咽拭英语throat swab[2]
相似疾病或共病会厌炎, 甲状腺炎, 咽后脓肿[2]
治療非甾体抗炎药利多卡因[2][3]
盛行率发病率约每三个月7.5%(美國)[4]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科传染病英语Infectious disease (medical specialty)
ICD-11CA02
ICD-9-CM462、​472、​478.20
DiseasesDB24580
MedlinePlus000655
eMedicine764304
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

咽炎(英語:Pharyngitis)是指人類喉部深處,即俗稱咽喉后部)出现的炎症[2]。通常会导致咽喉痛发热[2]其他病徵可能包括流鼻水还可能有流鼻涕、咳嗽、头痛、声音沙哑等症状。[1][5]通常会持续3到5天。[2]也可能并发鼻竇炎急性中耳炎[2]咽炎是一种上呼吸道感染。[6]

大多数病例是由病毒感染所致。[2]链球菌性咽喉炎是一种细菌感染所致,在美国,约25%的儿童和10%的成人患有此疾病。[2]比較少見的病因包括感染淋球菌真菌等其他細菌,或是因抽煙、過敏胃食道逆流而引起。[2][3]咽炎患者若已表現出明確的病毒感染症狀,例如感冒時,並不建議再作特別的檢查[2]。反之,則建議作抗原快篩英语Rapid antigen test(RAPD)或咽喉檢體培養英语Sampling (medicine)(throat swab)。[2]其他疾病,如會厭炎甲狀腺炎咽後膿瘍英语Retropharyngeal abscess心臟病也可能會引起類似的症狀。[2]

給予病患如布洛芬(ibuprofen)等非類固醇抗發炎藥物(NSAIDs)可有助於減緩疼痛[2],服用利多卡因(lidocaine)混合溶液也有效果[3] 。咽喉炎則通常使用盤尼西林阿莫西林抗生素治療[2]類固醇雖可用以治療情況嚴重的病患,但是否對急性咽炎也有效,則尚不明確,但最近(2020年)的一项审查发现,当与抗生素联合使用时,类固醇可适度改善疼痛和缓解的可能性。[7][8]

在美國,約有7.5%的人每3個月就會感到1次喉嚨痛[4] ,而每年罹患2至3次咽炎也非罕見[1]。2007年在美國因此症就診的人數高達1500萬人[3] ,是喉嚨痛最常見的原因[9]。英文「Pharyngitis」這個字是源自希臘文「pharynx」,意為「喉嚨」,然後再加上「itis」,意為「發炎」的字尾。[10][11]

分类

正常的喉咙

咽炎是由上呼吸道感染引起的一种炎症。可分为急性或慢性。急性咽炎可能是卡他性化脓性或溃疡性的,这取决于病原体和患者的免疫能力。慢性咽炎可为卡他性、肥厚性萎缩性

扁桃体炎是咽炎的一个亚型。[12]如果炎症包括扁桃体和喉咙的其他部位,则可称为咽鼓管炎扁桃体咽炎[13]另一个亚类是鼻咽炎(普通感冒)。[14]

原因

大多数病例是由于与受感染者密切接触而获得的病原体所致。

病毒性

传染性单核白血球增多症患者的渗出性咽炎

这些疾病约占所有感染病例的40-80%,可能是许多不同类型病毒感染的一个特征。[9][15]

细菌性

许多不同的细菌可以感染人的喉咙。最常见的是A组链球菌(化脓性链球菌),但其它包括肺炎链球菌流感嗜血杆菌百日咳杆菌炭疽杆菌白喉棒状杆菌淋球菌肺炎衣原体肺炎支原体坏死梭杆菌[16]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rutter, Paul Professor; Newby, David. Community Pharmacy ANZ: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 19 [2018-04-20]. ISBN 9780729583459. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 Hildreth, AF; Takhar, S; Clark, MA; Hatten, B. Evidence-Based Evaluation And Management Of Patients With Pharyngitis In The Emergency Department.. Emergency Medicine Practice. September 2015, 17 (9): 1–16; quiz 16–7. PMID 26276908. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Weber, R. Pharyngitis.. Primary care. March 2014, 41 (1): 91–8. PMID 24439883. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.010. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Jones, Roger. Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care. Oxford University Press. 2004: 674 [2016-08-04]. ISBN 9780198567820. (原始内容存档于2020-03-23) (英语). 
  5. ^ Neville, Brad W.; Damm, Douglas D.; Allen, Carl M.; Chi, Angela C. Oral and maxillofacial pathology需要付费订阅 4th. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. 2016: 166. ISBN 9781455770526. OCLC 908336985. 
  6. ^ Pharyngitis. National Library of Medicine. [4 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于20 May 2016).  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  7. ^ Principi, N; Bianchini, S; Baggi, E; Esposito, S. No evidence for the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in acute pharyngitis, community-acquired pneumonia and acute otitis media.. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. February 2013, 32 (2): 151–60. PMC 7087613可免费查阅. PMID 22993127. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1747-y. 
  8. ^ de Cassan, Simone; Thompson, Matthew J.; Perera, Rafael; Glasziou, Paul P.; Del Mar, Chris B.; Heneghan, Carl J.; Hayward, Gail. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 May 2020, 5: CD008268. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7193118可免费查阅. PMID 32356360. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008268.pub3. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Marx, John. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice 7th. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Mosby/Elsevier. 2010. Chapter 30. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0. 
  10. ^ Beachey, Will. Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, Foundations for Clinical Practice,3: Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 5. ISBN 978-0323078665. (原始内容存档于8 September 2017) (英语).  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  11. ^ Hegner, Barbara; Acello, Barbara; Caldwell, Esther. Nursing Assistant: A Nursing Process Approach – Basics. Cengage Learning. 2009: 45. ISBN 9781111780500. (原始内容存档于8 September 2017) (英语).  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  12. ^ Tonsillitis. [4 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于25 March 2016). 
  13. ^ Rafei K, Lichenstein R. Airway Infectious Disease Emergencies. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2006, 53 (2): 215–242. PMID 16574523. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.10.001. 
  14. ^ www.nlm.nih.gov. (原始内容存档于17 November 2015). 
  15. ^ Acerra JR. Pharyngitis. eMedicine. [28 April 2010]. (原始内容存档于17 March 2010). 
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