生命史：修订间差异
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2022年5月4日 (三) 10:26的版本
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地球大约形成于4.5Ga（即45亿年前，10亿年前一般缩写为Ga，来自Giga Annum；100万年前一般缩写为Ma，来自Mega Annum。本文为阅读方便采用“几十亿年前”“数百万年前”而不用Ga、Ma的写法，为行文连贯时可能用Ga、Ma表示，还请读者留意）。有证据表明，生命诞生于约37亿年前。[1][2][3]虽然也有一些化石表明早在41至42.8亿年前就有生命存在，但这些所谓的化石可能形成于非生物原因，因此仍有争议。[1][4][5][6]
现今所有已知物种间的相似性表明，它们是从某个共同起源演化而来的。[7]目前地球上约有1万亿个物种[8]，其中只有约175~180万个得到了命名[9][10]，数据库中得到记录的约有180万种。[11]目前尚存的物种书目占地球上曾存在过所有物种的不到1%。[12][13]
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生命最早的证据来自格陵兰西部37亿年前的变质沉积岩中的生物碳特征[2][3]及叠层岩化石[14]。2015年，西澳大利亚州又在41亿年前的岩层中发现了可能的“生物质遗迹”。[15][5]2017年3月，加拿大魁北克努夫亚吉图克绿岩带（Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt）的海底热泉沉淀物中发现了化石化了的微生物，这可能是地球上最古老的生命形式的推定证据，最早可能生活在42.8亿年前，说明在44亿年前海洋形成、45.4亿年前地球形成后很短时间就出现了生命。[16][17]
由共存的细菌和组成的古菌菌毯是早太古代的主要生命形式，早期进化的重要步骤大都发生于此。[18]光合作用大约在35亿年前演化出来，其废弃物——氧——在大气层中逐渐集聚，于24亿年前引发了大氧化事件。[19]真核生物（携带细胞器的复杂细胞）大约诞生于18.5亿年前或更早，[20][21]它们开始利用氧气进行代谢后，多样化的进程便逐渐加速。约17亿年前，多细胞生物开始出现，细胞分化创造出有着专门功能的不同细胞。[22]有性生殖与无性生殖相对，是雌雄生殖细胞（配子）在称作受精的过程中结合为受精卵来实现繁殖的过程，它也是绝大多数宏观（肉眼可见）生物、几乎所有真核生物（含动物、植物）的主要繁殖方式。[23]有性生殖的演化对生物学家来说则仍是一个谜，尽管它确实是从单细胞真核生物的共同祖先那里演化来的。[24]两侧对称动物大约出现于5.55亿年前。[25]
类似藻类的多细胞陆生植物的年代甚至能追溯到10亿年前，[26]尽管有证据表明至少27亿年前微生物就组成了最早的陆地生态系。[27]据信微生物为奥陶纪植物的登陆铺平了道路。陆生植物是如此成功，甚至可能引发了泥盆纪后期灭绝事件[28]（涉及早期古蕨属树木的大量繁殖：(1) 拉低了CO2含量，导致全球寒化与海平面降低；(2) 古蕨的根系促进土壤的发育，加剧了岩石的风化，营养物质、矿物质淋失入海，可能引发了全球规模水华，进一步导致缺氧事件，引起海洋生物死亡。海洋物种是泥盆纪后期灭绝事件的主要受害者）。
埃迪卡拉纪出现了埃迪卡拉生物群[29]，而脊椎动物、其他大多数现代门都源自5.25亿年前的寒武纪大爆发。[30]二叠纪时，包括哺乳动物祖先在内的合弓纲在陆地上占据了主导地位，[31]但大多都在2.52亿年前的二叠纪－三叠纪灭绝事件中灭绝了。[32]在这场灾难的恢复过程中，主龙类成为了占主导地位的陆地脊椎动物；[33]主龙类中的恐龙主宰了侏罗纪和白垩纪。[34]6600万年前的白垩纪﹣古近纪灭绝事件杀死了非鸟恐龙后，[35]哺乳动物在体形和多样性上都迅速增长。[36]这种生物集群灭绝可能为新生物群的多样化提供了机会，进而加速了进化。[37]
地球最早历史
另见
脚注
参考
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- Gauthier, Jacques; Cannatella, David C.; de Queiroz, Kevin; et al. Tetrapod phylogeny. Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans (编). The Hierarchy of Life: Molecules and Morphology in Phylogenetic Analysis. International Congress Series 824. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; New York: Excerpta Medica/Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division). 1989. ISBN 978-0-444-81073-1. LCCN 89001132. OCLC 19129518. "Proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29 – September 2, 1988"
- Gee, Henry (编). Shaking the Tree: Readings from Nature in the History of Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2. LCCN 99049796. OCLC 42476104.
- Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History 1st. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. Bibcode:1989wlbs.book.....G. ISBN 978-0-393-02705-1. LCCN 88037469. OCLC 18983518.
- Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0. LCCN 2004054605. OCLC 56057971.
- Hinde, Rosalind T. The Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Anderson, D. T (编). Invertebrate Zoology 2nd. Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-551368-4. LCCN 2002276846. OCLC 49663129.
- Holmes, Randall K.; Jobling, Michael G. Genetics. Baron, Samuel (编). Medical Microbiology 4th. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. 1996. Exchange of Genetic Information. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. LCCN 95050499. OCLC 33838234. PMID 21413277.
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- Labandeira, Conrad C.; Eble, Gunther J. The Fossil Record of Insect Diversity and Disparity (PDF). Anderson, John M.; Thackeray, John Francis; et al (编). Towards Gondwana Alive: Promoting biodiversity & stemming the Sixth Extinction. Pretoria: Gondwana Alive Society. 1999 [2015-02-17]. ISBN 978-1-919795-43-0. LCCN 2001385090. OCLC 44822625. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-04-12）. "Preview booklet for 'Gondwana alive : biodiversity and the evolving terrestrial biosphere', book planned for September 2000, and associated projects."
- Leakey, Richard. The Origin of Humankind. Science Masters Series. New York: Basic Books. 1994. ISBN 978-0-465-03135-1. LCCN 94003617. OCLC 30739453.
- Margulis, Lynn. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and its Environment on the Early Earth
. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Company. 1981. ISBN 978-0-7167-1256-5. LCCN 80026695. OCLC 6982472. - McKinney, Michael L. How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view. Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. (编). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences 1st. London; New York: Chapman & Hall. 1997. ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5. LCCN 96071014. OCLC 36442106.
- Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. Environmental Science 14th. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. 2012. ISBN 978-1-111-98893-7. LCCN 2011934330. OCLC 741539226.
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- Padian, Kevin. Basal Avialae. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (编). The Dinosauria 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. LCCN 2004049804. OCLC 55000644.
- Sansom, Ivan J.; Smith, Moya M.; Smith, M. Paul. The Ordovician radiation of vertebrates. Ahlberg, Per Erik (编). Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution: Palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development. Systematics Association special volume series 61. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-23370-5. LCCN 00062919. OCLC 51667292.
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- Thewissen, J. G. M.; Madar, S. I.; Hussain, S. T. Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 191. Frankfurt: Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 1996. ISBN 978-3-929907-32-2. LCCN 97151576. OCLC 36463214.
- Weber, Bettina; Büdel, Burkhard; Belnap, Jayne (编). Biological Soil Crusts: An Organizing Principle in Drylands. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis) 226. Springer International Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-30212-6. LCCN 2016941282. OCLC 995222892.
阅读更多
- Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene [自私的基因] New. 牛津；纽约: 牛津大学出版社. 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-286092-7. LCCN 89016077. OCLC 20012195.
- Dawkins, Richard. The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life [祖先的故事]. 波士顿: 霍顿·米夫林·哈考特. 2004. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.
- Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph (编). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years [演化：最初四十亿年]. 艾德华·威尔森作序. 马萨诸塞州剑桥: 哈佛大学出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.
- Smith, John Maynard; Szathmáry, Eörs. The Major Transitions in Evolution [演化中的主要转变]. 牛津；纽约: 牛津大学出版社. 1997 [1995; Oxford: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum]. ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4. LCCN 94026965. OCLC 715217397.
外部链接
- van Wyhe, John (编). The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [在线查尔斯·达尔文著作集]. [2015-02-23].
- Price, R. G. Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications [了解进化：历史、理论、证据及影响]. rationalrevolution.net. [2015-02-23].
- Evolution [演化]. The Virtual Fossil Museum. [2015-02-22]. 罗杰·帕金斯汇编的关于进化的概论。
- Understanding Evolution [了解演化]. 加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校. [2020-12-25].
- Evolution Resources [演化资料]. Washington, D.C.: 美国国家学院. [2020-12-25].
- Tree of Life [生命之树]. [2020-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-15）. 生命之树图，由尼尔·奥兰德绘制。
- Evolution. 新科学人. [2020-12-25].
- Brain, Marshall. 博文网 at HowStuffWorks
- Modern Theories of Evolution: An Introduction to the Concepts and Theories That Led to Our Current Understanding of Evolution [现代进化论：我们目前对进化的理解之概念及理论的介绍]. 帕洛玛学院. [2020-12-25]. Tutorial created by Dennis O'Neil.
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