跳转到内容

两性霉素B

维基百科,自由的百科全书
两性霉素B
臨床資料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureFungizone、Mysteclin-F、AmBisome及其他。
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682643
核准狀況
懷孕分級
给药途径靜脈注射
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度100% (靜脈注射)
药物代谢
生物半衰期第一階段:24小時,第二階段:15天
排泄途徑40%經由尿液排出,經由膽汁排出也很重要
识别信息
  • (1R,3S,5R,6R,9R, 11R,15S,16R,17R,18S,19E,21E, 23E,25E,27E,29E,31E,33R,35S,36R,37S)- 33-[(3-amino- 3,6-dideoxy- β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]- 1,3,5,6,9,11,17,37-octahydroxy- 15,16,18-trimethyl- 13-oxo- 14,39-dioxabicyclo [33.3.1] nonatriaconta- 19,21,23,25,27,29,31-heptaene- 36-carboxylic acid
CAS号12633-72-6  checkY
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.014.311 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C47H73NO17
摩尔质量924.09 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
熔点170 °C(338 °F)
  • O=C(O)[C@@H]3[C@@H](O)C[C@@]2(O)C[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](O)CC(=O)O[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)C=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=C[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)[C@@H]1O)C[C@@H]3O2
  • InChI=1S/C47H73NO17/c1-27-17-15-13-11-9-7-5-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-34(64-46-44(58)41(48)43(57)30(4)63-46)24-38-40(45(59)60)37(54)26-47(61,65-38)25-33(51)22-36(53)35(52)20-19-31(49)21-32(50)23-39(55)62-29(3)28(2)42(27)56/h5-18,27-38,40-44,46,49-54,56-58,61H,19-26,48H2,1-4H3,(H,59,60)/b6-5+,9-7+,10-8+,13-11+,14-12+,17-15+,18-16+/t27-,28-,29-,30+,31+,32+,33-,34-,35+,36+,37-,38-,40+,41-,42+,43+,44-,46-,47+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N checkY

兩性黴素B(英語:Amphotericin B)是一種抗真菌藥物,用於治療嚴重的真菌感染利什曼病[3]真菌感染包括有毛黴菌病麴黴病芽生菌病念珠菌病山谷熱(球孢子菌病)和隱球菌病。對於某些感染,可與氟胞嘧啶合併使用。[4]此藥物通常透過靜脈注射給藥。[5]

使用後常見的副作用有用藥後不久會出現的發燒、發冷和頭痛,以及腎臟問題。[5]可能會出現過敏反應(包括過敏性休克)。[5]其他嚴重的副作用有低血鉀心肌炎[3]個體在懷孕期間使用對於胎兒似乎相對安全。[5]有一種脂質製劑具有較低的副作用風險。[5]它屬於多烯抗真菌藥物英语Polyene antimycotic,部分透過干擾真菌的細胞膜而發揮作用。[3][5]

必治妥施貴寶的醫學研究所於1955年從委內瑞拉奧利諾科河河床[6]獲得的結節鏈黴菌英语Streptomyces nodosus培養物中分離出兩性黴素B,並於1958年將之用於醫療用途。[7][8]它已被列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[9]市面上有此藥物的通用名藥物流通。[5][10]

醫療用途[编辑]

抗黴菌感染[编辑]

兩性黴素B的主要用途之一是治療多種全身性真菌感染。由於它會產生廣泛的副作用,通常只用於治療重症或免疫缺陷患者的嚴重感染。此藥物是治療侵襲性毛黴菌病感染、隱球菌性腦膜炎以及某些麴霉菌和念珠菌感染的一線藥物。[11][12]它在過去多年一直是種高效藥物,很大程度上是因為它所治療的病原體發生抗藥性的機率較低。原本能夠抵抗藥物的病原體,會發生一些變化,使其變得更加脆弱,容易受到宿主體內的防禦系統和其他環境因素的攻擊,而無法造成感染。[13]

抗原蟲感染[编辑]

兩性黴素B用於治療會危及生命的原蟲感染,如內臟利什曼病英语visceral leishmaniasis[14]福氏內格里阿米巴腦膜腦炎[15]

易感度譜系[编辑]

下表列出醫學上重要的真菌對兩性黴素B的易感度。

菌種 兩性黴素B

最小抑菌濃度斷點 (毫克/升)

煙麴黴 1[16]
土麴黴 抗藥性[16][17]
白色念珠菌 1[16]
光滑念珠菌英语Nakaseomyces glabratus 1[16]
克氏畢赤酵母英语Pichia kudriavzevii 1[16]
葡萄牙匙形孢子英语Clavispora lusitaniae 內在抗藥性[17]
新型隱球菌 2[18]
尖孢鐮刀菌 2[18]

配方[编辑]

靜脈注射製劑[编辑]

兩性黴素B難以溶於pH值為7的生理食鹽水,有數種製劑形式被研發出以提高給藥後的生物利用度[19]兩性黴素B的脂質製劑並不比傳統製劑更有效,但有一些證據顯示患者對脂質製劑的耐受性會更好,且可能會有較少副作用。[20]

兩性黴素B去氧膽酸鈉[编辑]

原始配方使用去氧膽酸鈉來提高溶解度,[17]這種兩性黴素B去氧膽酸鈉 (ABD) 是靜脈注射製劑。[21]這種原始劑型通常被稱為"常規"兩性黴素。[22]

脂質體製劑[编辑]

為提高兩性黴素的耐受性並降低毒性,已有幾種脂質製劑推出。[17]脂質體製劑的腎毒性比去氧膽酸鈉[23][24]更小,且相關反應也較少,[17]但價格比兩性黴素B去氧膽酸鈉更昂貴。[25]

脂質複合物製劑[编辑]

目前也有多種脂質複合物製劑上市。 商品名為Abelcet的此類產品於1995年獲得FDA批准,[26]它由兩性黴素B和兩種脂質以1:1的比例組成,形成大的帶狀結構。[17]商品名為Amphotec的製劑是兩性黴素和膽固醇硫酸鈉以1:1的比例組成,每個分子的兩個分子形成一個四聚體,這些四聚體聚集在盤狀複合物上的螺旋臂上,[27]於1996年獲得FDA批准。[26]

口服製劑[编辑]

此藥物雖然有口服製劑,但未受廣泛使用。[28]由於兩性黴素B的兩親性及其低溶解度和滲透性導致的低生物利用度,成為口服使用的主要障礙。過去它曾被用於治療消化道表面的真菌感染,如念珠菌症,但已被耐絲菌素氟康唑等其他抗真菌藥物取代。[29]

然而最近出現的新型奈米顆粒藥物遞送方式,(例如AmbiOnp)、[30]奈米懸浮劑、基於脂質的藥物遞送方式(例如Cochleates)、自乳化藥物遞送方式、[31]固體脂質奈米顆粒[30]和聚合物奈米顆粒,[30]已證明兩性黴素B口服製劑所具的潛力。[32]藥業Matinas Biopharma製造的口服脂質奈米晶體兩性黴素在隱球菌性腦膜炎方面已成功完成第2期臨床試驗。[33]

副作用[编辑]

兩性黴素B以其嚴重且可能致命的副作用著稱,並贏得"兩性暴君"的綽號。[34][35]通常是輸注後不久(1至3小時內)會發生嚴重反應,包括高燒、發冷、低血壓食慾不振噁心嘔吐頭痛呼吸困難呼吸急促昏睡和全身無力。劇烈的寒顫和發燒使該藥有"先震顫後發燒"的綽號。[36][37]此類反應的確切原因尚不清楚,可能涉及前列腺素合成增加和巨噬細胞釋放細胞激素[38][39]去氧膽酸鈉製劑 (ABD) 也可能刺激肥大細胞嗜鹼性球釋放組織胺[40]反應有時會隨著藥物後續的使用而減弱。然而,幾乎所有病患在使用藥物後都會出現發燒的現象,這就使得專業人員需要做出一個關鍵且困難的判斷:病患的高燒到底是快速惡化的新症狀,還僅是藥物副作用。為降低症狀出現和嚴重程度,初始劑量應較低,然後緩慢增加。撲熱息痛哌替啶苯海拉明氫羥腎上腺皮質素均被用於治療或預防此種症候群,但由於患者的身體狀況,這些藥物的預防性使用通常會受到限制。[41]

兩性黴素B靜脈注射治療劑量也與多重器官損傷有關聯。腎損傷是一種經常受到報告的副作用,且可能會嚴重和/或不可逆轉。脂質體製劑(例如AmBisome)的腎毒性據報導會較小,並且已成為已有腎損傷患者的首選。[42][43]當脂質體與真菌細胞壁結合時,前者的完整性被破壞,但不受哺乳動物細胞膜的影響,[44]前述與脂質體的結合減少腎臟對兩性黴素B的暴露,為其較少腎毒性作用提供解釋。[45]

此外,低血鉀、低鎂血症等電解質失衡現象也很常見。[46]在肝臟中,肝酵素升高和肝毒性英语hepatotoxicity(導致,包括暴發性肝衰竭英语Acute liver failure)很常見。在循環系統中,有多種形式的貧血和其他血液疾病(白血球減少症血小板減少症英语thrombopenia)、嚴重心律不整(包括心室顫動)、甚至有明顯的心臟衰竭。皮膚反應,包括嚴重的形式,也有可能。[47]

與其他藥物交互作用[编辑]

當兩性黴素B與以下藥物共同給藥時,有可能會發生藥物間交互作用:[48]

  • 氟胞嘧啶:會增加氟胞嘧啶的毒性,可使用較低劑量的兩性黴素B。兩性黴素B可能會透過干擾真菌細胞膜的通透性,而促進氟胞胞嘧啶進入真菌細胞。
  • 順鉑利尿劑:增加腎毒性並升高低血鉀的風險
  • 皮質類固醇:增加低血鉀的風險
  • 抗黴菌藥物:兩性黴素B可能會拮抗酮康唑咪康唑的活性。這種交互作用的臨床程度尚不清楚。
  • 神經肌肉阻滯藥:兩性黴素B誘導的低血鉀症可能會增強某些麻醉劑的作用。
  • 膦甲酸更昔洛韋替諾福韋二吡呋酯阿德福韋:增加兩性黴素B的血液學和腎臟副作用的風險
  • 齊多夫定:增加腎臟和血液毒性的風險。
  • 其他腎毒性藥物(如氨基糖苷類抗生素):嚴重腎損害的風險增加
  • 細胞抑制劑:增加腎損傷、低血壓和支氣管痙攣的風險
  • 白血球輸注:有肺損傷的風險,應將使用兩性黴素B和輸血兩者的時間隔開,並監測肺功能

作用機轉[编辑]

兩性黴素B與麥角固醇(真菌細胞膜的一種成分)結合,形成孔,導致單價離子(K+(鉀)、Na+(鈉)、H+(氫)和 Cl−(氯))快速洩漏而造成真菌細胞死亡。這是兩性黴素B抗真菌劑的主要作用。[49][50]

目前已知有兩種兩性黴素:兩性黴素A和B,但臨床上僅使用B,因為它在體內的活性明顯較高。兩性黴素A與兩性黴素B幾乎相同,但幾乎沒抗真菌活性。[19]

毒性機制[编辑]

哺乳動物和真菌膜均含有固醇,而固醇是兩性黴素B的主要標靶。兩性黴素B分子可在宿主膜和真菌膜上形成孔洞。這種膜屏障損傷會產生致命的影響。ref name=Baginski2009/>[51][52]麥角固醇(一種真菌固醇)比膽固醇(常見的哺乳動物固醇)對兩性黴素B更敏感。與膜的反應性也取決於固醇濃度。[53]細菌不受影響,因為它們的細胞膜通常不含固醇。[54]

兩性黴素B的給藥受到輸注相關毒性(輸注期間和輸注後不久發生的不良反應)的限制。這被認為是促發炎細胞因子的先天免疫作用產生的結果。[51][55]

生物合成[编辑]

兩性黴素B的天然合成途徑中,聚酮合成酶英语polyketide synthase組分具有關鍵作用,負責催化前體化合物的合成、官能團修飾和環化等步驟。[56]

歷史[编辑]

此藥物最初於1955年經施必治妥貴寶醫學研究所從一種結節鏈黴菌的培養物中萃取。[19][57]從土壤培養物中分離出兩種抗真菌物質 - 兩性黴素A和B,B具有更好的抗真菌活性。在1980年代初開發出類抗真菌藥物之前,此藥物一直是治療侵襲性真菌病感染的唯一有效療法 。[21]

其完整的立體結構於1970年通過N-碘乙酰衍生物的X射線結構確定。[58]美國化學家K·C·尼古勞於1987年首次將天然存在化合物的對映體形式進行合成。[59]

配方[编辑]

此藥物是大環內酯類抗生素的亞類,具有相似的結構元素。[60]目前該藥物有多種形式。 或是與去氧膽酸鈉的常規複合(ABD)、膽固醇硫酸鹽複合物(ABCD),脂質複合物(ABLC),以及脂質體製劑(LAMB)。後者的開發是為提高使用者的耐受性並降低毒性,但與傳統的兩性黴素B相比,會表現出相當不同的藥物動力學特性。[17]

商品名稱[编辑]

兩性黴素的名稱源自於該藥物的兩性(指的是它具有酸性和鹼性兩種性質。既能與真菌細胞膜中的麥角固醇結合,破壞真菌細胞膜的結構和功能,發揮殺真菌作用,又能與人體細胞膜中的磷脂結合,引起細胞毒性。)特性。[61]

市場中的商品名稱有Fungilin、Fungizone、Abelcet、AmBisome、Fungisome、Amphocil、Amphotec和Halizon等。[62]

參考文獻[编辑]

  1. ^ Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 2022-05-12 [2022-05-13]. 
  2. ^ Ambisome- amphotericin b injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution. DailyMed. [2021-08-11]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases. Geneva: World Health Organization. March 2010: 55, 88, 186. ISBN 9789241209496. hdl:10665/44412可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ World Health Organization. Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR , 编. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 145. ISBN 9789241547659. hdl:10665/44053可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Amphotericin B. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2015-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-01). 
  6. ^ Velázquez L. Farmacología y su proyección a la clínica 13a ed.. Oteo. 1976: 966. ISBN 8485152050 (西班牙语). 
  7. ^ Walker SR. Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 109. ISBN 9789400926592. (原始内容存档于2017-09-10) (英语). 
  8. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 477. ISBN 9783527607495 (英语). 
  9. ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771可免费查阅. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  10. ^ Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 29 June 2023 [2023-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-29). 
  11. ^ Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Drugs Active against Fungi, Pneumocystis, and Microsporidia. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-08-28: 479–494.e4. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3. 
  12. ^ Moen MD, Lyseng-Williamson KA, Scott LJ. Liposomal amphotericin B: a review of its use as empirical therapy in febrile neutropenia and in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Drugs. 2012-09-17, 69 (3): 361–392. PMID 19275278. S2CID 34340503. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969030-00010. 
  13. ^ Rura N. Understanding the evolution of drug resistance points to novel strategy for developing better antimicrobials. 2013-10-29 [2016-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-15) –通过Whitehead Institute. 
  14. ^ den Boer M, Davidson RN. Treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. April 2006, 4 (2): 187–197. PMID 16597201. S2CID 42784356. doi:10.1586/14787210.4.2.187. 
  15. ^ Grace E, Asbill S, Virga K. Naegleria fowleri: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. November 2015, 59 (11): 6677–6681. PMC 4604384可免费查阅. PMID 26259797. doi:10.1128/AAC.01293-15. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Antifungal Agents, Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs (PDF). 2015-11-16 [2015-11-17]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Hamill RJ. Amphotericin B formulations: a comparative review of efficacy and toxicity. Drugs. June 2013, 73 (9): 919–934. PMID 23729001. S2CID 2785865. doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0069-4. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Index | The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase - TOKU-E. antibiotics.toku-e.com. [2015-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-09). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Dutcher JD. The discovery and development of amphotericin B. Diseases of the Chest. October 1968, 54 (Supplement_1): 296–298. PMID 4877964. doi:10.1378/chest.54.Supplement_1.296. 
  20. ^ Steimbach, Laiza M., Fernanda S. Tonin, Suzane Virtuoso, Helena HL Borba, Andréia CC Sanches, Astrid Wiens, Fernando Fernandez‐Llimós, and Roberto Pontarolo. "Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid‐based formulations—A systematic review and meta‐analysis." Mycoses 60, no. 3 (2017): 146-154.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Maertens JA. History of the development of azole derivatives. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. March 2004, 10 (Suppl 1): 1–10. PMID 14748798. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00841.x可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Comparison of fungizone, Amphotec, AmBisome, and Abelcet for treatment of systemic murine cryptococcosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. April 1998, 42 (4): 899–902. PMC 105563可免费查阅. PMID 9559804. doi:10.1128/AAC.42.4.899. 
  23. ^ Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. November 2015, 2015 (11): CD010481. PMC 10542271可免费查阅. PMID 26595825. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010481.pub2可免费查阅. 
  24. ^ Mistro S, Maciel I, de Menezes RG, Maia ZP, Schooley RT, Badaró R. Does lipid emulsion reduce amphotericin B nephrotoxicity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. June 2012, 54 (12): 1774–1777. PMID 22491505. doi:10.1093/cid/cis290可免费查阅. 
  25. ^ Bennett J. Editorial response: choosing amphotericin B formulations-between a rock and a hard place. Clinical Infectious Diseases. November 2000, 31 (5): 1164–1165. PMID 11073746. doi:10.1086/317443可免费查阅. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. www.accessdata.fda.gov. [2015-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-13). 
  27. ^ Slain D. Lipid-based amphotericin B for the treatment of fungal infections. Pharmacotherapy. March 1999, 19 (3): 306–323. PMID 10221369. S2CID 43479677. doi:10.1592/phco.19.4.306.30934. 
  28. ^ Wasan KM, Wasan EK, Gershkovich P, Zhu X, Tidwell RR, Werbovetz KA, Clement JG, Thornton SJ. Highly effective oral amphotericin B formulation against murine visceral leishmaniasis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. August 2009, 200 (3): 357–360. PMID 19545212. doi:10.1086/600105. 
  29. ^ Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK, Calandra TF, Edwards JE, Filler SG, Fisher JF, Kullberg BJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. March 2009, 48 (5): 503–535. PMC 7294538可免费查阅. PMID 19191635. doi:10.1086/596757可免费查阅. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Patel PA, Patravale VB. AmbiOnp: solid lipid nanoparticles of amphotericin B for oral administration. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. October 2011, 7 (5): 632–639. PMID 22195480. doi:10.1166/jbn.2011.1332. 
  31. ^ Wasan EK, Bartlett K, Gershkovich P, Sivak O, Banno B, Wong Z, Gagnon J, Gates B, Leon CG, Wasan KM. Development and characterization of oral lipid-based amphotericin B formulations with enhanced drug solubility, stability and antifungal activity in rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus or Candida albicans. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. May 2009, 372 (1–2): 76–84. PMID 19236839. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.01.003. 
  32. ^ Patel PA, Fernandes CB, Pol AS, Patravale VB. Oral amphotericin B: challenges and avenues.. Int. J. Pharm. Biosci. Technol. 2013, 1 (1): 1–9. 
  33. ^ Boulware DR, Atukunda M, Kagimu E, Musubire AK, Akampurira A, Tugume L, Ssebambulidde K, Kasibante J, Nsangi L, Mugabi T, Gakuru J, Kimuda S, Kasozi D, Namombwe S, Turyasingura I, Rutakingirwa MK, Mpoza E, Kigozi E, Muzoora C, Ellis J, Skipper CP, Matkovits T, Williamson PR, Williams DA, Fieberg A, Hullsiek KH, Abassi M, Dai B, Meya DB. Oral Lipid Nanocrystal Amphotericin B for Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases. August 2023, 77 (12): 1659–1667. PMC 10724459可免费查阅. PMID 37606364. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad440可免费查阅. 
  34. ^ Carr JR, Hawkins WA, Newsome AS, Smith SE, Amber BC, Bland CM, Branan TN. Fluid Stewardship of Maintenance Intravenous Fluids. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. October 2022, 35 (5): 769–782. PMC 8497650可免费查阅. PMID 33827313. doi:10.1177/08971900211008261. 
  35. ^ Mourad A, Perfect JR. Tolerability profile of the current antifungal armoury. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. January 2018, 73 (suppl_1): i26–i32. PMC 6636388可免费查阅. PMID 29304209. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx446. 
  36. ^ Shake and Bake. TheFreeDictionary.com. [2016-12-09]. 
  37. ^ Hartsel SC. Studies on Amphotericin B (PDF). Chem 491, Chemistry Department. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. [2016-12-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-20). 
  38. ^ Gigliotti F, Shenep JL, Lott L, Thornton D. Induction of prostaglandin synthesis as the mechanism responsible for the chills and fever produced by infusing amphotericin B. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. November 1987, 156 (5): 784–789. PMID 3309074. doi:10.1093/infdis/156.5.784. 
  39. ^ Sau K, Mambula SS, Latz E, Henneke P, Golenbock DT, Levitz SM. The antifungal drug amphotericin B promotes inflammatory cytokine release by a Toll-like receptor- and CD14-dependent mechanism. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. September 2003, 278 (39): 37561–37568. PMID 12860979. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306137200可免费查阅. 
  40. ^ Baronti R, Masini E, Bacciottini L, Mannaioni PF. Differential effects of amphotericin B and liposomal amphotericin B on inflammatory cells in vitro. Inflammation Research. May 2002, 51 (5): 259–264. PMID 12056514. S2CID 2124507. doi:10.1007/pl00000302. 
  41. ^ Goodwin SD, Cleary JD, Walawander CA, Taylor JW, Grasela TH. Pretreatment regimens for adverse events related to infusion of amphotericin B. Clinical Infectious Diseases. April 1995, 20 (4): 755–761. PMID 7795069. doi:10.1093/clinids/20.4.755. 
  42. ^ Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, Pappas P, Seibel N, Greenberg RN, Dummer S, Schuster M, Holcenberg JS. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. The New England Journal of Medicine. March 1999, 340 (10): 764–771. PMID 10072411. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903113401004可免费查阅. 
  43. ^ Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, Goldman DL, Graybill JR, Hamill RJ, Harrison TS, Larsen RA, Lortholary O, Nguyen MH, Pappas PG, Powderly WG, Singh N, Sobel JD, Sorrell TC. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clinical Infectious Diseases. February 2010, 50 (3): 291–322. PMC 5826644可免费查阅. PMID 20047480. doi:10.1086/649858. 
  44. ^ Jill Adler-Moore,* and Richard T. liposomal formulation, structure, mechanism of action and pre-clinical experience. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2002) 49, 21–30
  45. ^ J. Czub, M. Baginski. Amphotericin B and Its New Derivatives Mode of action. Department of pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, Gdnsk University of Technology. 2009, 10-459-469.
  46. ^ Zietse R, Zoutendijk R, Hoorn EJ. Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders associated with antibiotic therapy. Nature Reviews. Nephrology. April 2009, 5 (4): 193–202. PMID 19322184. S2CID 24486546. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2009.17. 
  47. ^ PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrAmBisome® (PDF). Astellas Pharma Canada, Inc./Gilead Sciences. [2024-06-24]. 
  48. ^ Abelcet Package Insert (PDF). Leadiant Biosciences. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals. [2022-07-14]. 
  49. ^ Mesa-Arango AC, Scorzoni L, Zaragoza O. It only takes one to do many jobs: Amphotericin B as antifungal and immunomodulatory drug. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2012-01-01, 3: 286. PMC 3441194可免费查阅. PMID 23024638. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00286可免费查阅. 
  50. ^ O'Keeffe J, Doyle S, Kavanagh K. Exposure of the yeast Candida albicans to the anti-neoplastic agent adriamycin increases the tolerance to amphotericin B (PDF). The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. December 2003, 55 (12): 1629–1633. PMID 14738588. S2CID 38893122. doi:10.1211/0022357022359. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Laniado-Laborín R, Cabrales-Vargas MN. Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia. December 2009, 26 (4): 223–7. PMID 19836985. S2CID 592301. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2009.06.003. 
  52. ^ Amphocin, amphotericin B for injection, USP (PDF). Pfizer. [2010-02-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-19). 
  53. ^ Vertut-Croquin A, Bolard J, Chabbert M, Gary-Bobo C. Differences in the interaction of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B with cholesterol- or ergosterol-containing phospholipid vesicles. A circular dichroism and permeability study. Biochemistry. June 1983, 22 (12): 2939–2944. PMID 6871175. doi:10.1021/bi00281a024. 
  54. ^ Venega, Berenice; González-Damián, Javier. Amphotericin B Channels in the Bacterial Membrane: Role of Sterol and Temperature. Biophysical Journal. October 2003, 85 (4): 2323–2332 [2024-06-24]. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74656-6. 
  55. ^ Drew RH, Kauffman CA, Thorner AR. Pharmacology of amphotericin B.. UpToDate. MA Waltham. 
  56. ^ Khan N, Rawlings B, Caffrey P. A labile point in mutant amphotericin polyketide synthases. Biotechnology Letters. June 2011, 33 (6): 1121–1126. PMID 21267757. S2CID 10209476. doi:10.1007/s10529-011-0538-3. 
  57. ^ Procópio RE, Silva IR, Martins MK, Azevedo JL, Araújo JM. Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012, 16 (5): 466–471. PMID 22975171. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014可免费查阅. 
  58. ^ McNamara C, Crawforth J, Hickman B, Norwood T, Rawlings B. Biosynthesis of amphotericin B (PDF). Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (thesis). January 1998, (1): 83–88 [2018-05-16]. doi:10.1039/A704545J. hdl:2381/33805可免费查阅. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-09-21). 
  59. ^ Nicolaou KC, Daines RA, Chakraborty TK, Ogawa Y. Total synthesis of amphotericin B. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1987-04-01, 109 (9): 2821–2822. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja00243a043. 
  60. ^ Chemistry and Biology of the Polyene Macrolide Antibiotics. Bacteriological Reviews. 
  61. ^ Christine D. Waugh, in xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2007.
  62. ^ Halizon. Edu.drugs. [2016-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-15). 

外部連結[编辑]