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台湾盲文

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
台湾盲文
(国语盲文)
⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)
⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)
类型
印刷体基于注音符号
语言中华民国国语
相关书写体系
父体系
夜间书写
  • 盲文
    • 台湾盲文
      (国语盲文)
中文拉丁字体盲文的排列形文体。右下角是 结 jié 字符,用盲文写成 gyé; 再比较中心上方的 西 ,以盲文形式呈现为 syī

台湾盲文(英语:Taiwanese Braille)又称台湾点字国语盲文注音符号盲文[1],是以在台湾使用的中华民国国语为基础所制定的盲文。虽然是以国际统一盲文字母英语International uniformity of braille alphabets为主要参考来发展的,然而主要的辅音字母已被重新再设定;[2]台湾盲文和中国大陆现行盲文汉语双拼盲文一样,都是半音节文字,均属于汉语盲文

范例

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底下列出一字组〈国语点字记号〉为范例参考:

⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) ⠒ (braille pattern dots-25) ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256) ⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345) ⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125) ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)
ㄨㄛ ˊ ˇ ㄧㄢ ˇ ˋ ˋ ˋ
guó diǎn hào

注意因(字/ㄗˋ)因为单声母字,故需加上空韵(/空韵(⠱ (braille pattern dots-156))同于ㄦ韵母)于单声字母点元之后。

基本拼字规则

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6点排列图(盲文单位/点元/盲文字母单元/盲元/方)

一个中文字由二或三个盲文单元构成(取决于有无声母),盲文规则与注音符号对映,由《声母(辅音) + 介母(介音) + 韵母(元音) + 声调符号》组成"一个发音"。 但是有几点需要注意:

  1. 一声及轻声符号不可省略,且有区别。
  2. 结合韵〈介母(介音) + 韵母(元音)〉不可写成两个独立韵母。
  3. 单声母字需加上空韵(ㄭ)(⠱ (braille pattern dots-156))点元于其后,空韵同于ㄦ韵母。
  4. 换行时以完整的字为单位,而不将音韵拆分。

盲文字母单元

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台湾盲文(国语盲文)的单词基本盲文一个发音表示架构为《声母(辅音) + 介母(介音) + 韵母(元音) + 声调符号》。而〈声母(辅音) + 介母(介音) + 韵母(元音)〉的“注音符号之盲文记号”共有59个“盲文字母单元”(点元/cell);其中声母有21个点元、韵母有16个点元、结合韵〈介母(介音) + 韵母(元音)〉有22个点元。另“声调符号”5个点元。“标点符号”有3组点元。“中文阿拉伯数字”基本点元为从0到9;从10以后的数字则以通用数字记号点元加上0到9的后点元表示之。“英文字母”则照英文本有字母点元表示之;“英文阿拉伯数字”则依英文本有之数字点元表示之。[3]

声母

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每一个声母(辅音)一般以一个“盲文字母单元”来制定,计有21个点元。

注音
拼音 b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s
盲文 ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234) ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) ⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345) ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) ⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345) ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245) ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125) ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)

注音/拼音音译的盲文字母 ㄍ g (/k/),ㄘ c (/tsʰ/),及 ㄙ s (/s/)可以替代龈腭音j (/tɕ/),ㄑ q (/tɕʰ/),及 ㄒ x (/ɕ/)。即《ㄍ与ㄐ》;《ㄑ与ㄘ》;《ㄙ与ㄒ》三组的盲文符号相同,但使用时并不会造成混淆。 而后者〈j、q、x〉可接"闭前不圆唇元音"〈ㄧ i (/i/)〉与"闭前圆唇元音"〈ㄩ ü (/y/)〉之结合韵;例如: 盲文为(⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236))ㄍㄢ;ㄧㄢ 盲文为(⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345))ㄐㄧㄢ,所以在注音和拼音里的 g, c, sj, q, x 语言之间的区别是多余的。[4]

介母 + 韵母

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韵母(元音)有16个点元。结合韵〈介母(介音) + 韵母(元音)〉有22个点元。注音符号的盲文表示是将结合韵〈介母(介音) + 韵母(元音)〉合起来作为一组“盲文字母单元”来制定。如只有介母、或只有韵母,则单独用为一个“盲文字母单元”来表示。

注音 /
拼音 -i/er a o e ê ai ei ao ou an en ang eng
盲文 ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156) ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345) ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126) ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) ⠢ (braille pattern dots-26) ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456) ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146) ⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356) ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236) ⠥ (braille pattern dots-136) ⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346) ⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
注音 ㄧㄚ ㄧㄛ ㄧㄝ ㄧㄞ ㄧㄠ ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄤ ㄧㄥ
拼音 i ia io ie iai iao iu ian in iang ing
盲文 ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456) ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346) ⠢ (braille pattern dots-26) ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246) ⠎ (braille pattern dots-234) ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345) ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456) ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) ⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)
注音 ㄨㄚ ㄨㄛ ㄨㄞ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄢ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄤ ㄨㄥ
拼音 u ua uo uai ui uan un uang ong
盲文 ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35) ⠒ (braille pattern dots-25) ⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356) ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246) ⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456) ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) ⠸ (braille pattern dots-456) ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)
注音 ㄩㄝ ㄩㄢ ㄩㄣ ㄩㄥ
拼音 ü üe üan ün iong
盲文 ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256) ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠘ (braille pattern dots-45) ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)

(⠱ (braille pattern dots-156))用来表示空韵 ㄭ -i(不是用注音表示的)及韵母 ㄦ er ([ɐɚ])。例如:斯 (⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3))。

声调符号

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每一个声调符号一般以一个“盲文字母单元”来制定。计有5个点元。

声调: 1声 2声 3声 4声 轻声
注音 na ˊ ˇ ˋ ˙
拼音 ˉ ˊ ˇ ˋ na
盲文 ⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)

声调总是被标示出来。[5] 也包含无声调音节(轻声),比如"了"(le̊;轻声),盲文为(⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1));le̊ 位于图像的上方偏右(见图像)。

标点符号

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每一个中文标点符号英语Chinese punctuation一般以一个“盲文字母单元”来制定;或用一组标点符号、或则一组点元(cell)来表示之。[6]

印刷体 ·
盲文 ⠤ (braille pattern dots-36) ⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) ⠰ (braille pattern dots-56) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) ⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)
印刷体 ╴╴ ﹏﹏ …… —— ——
盲文 ⠰ (braille pattern dots-56)⠰ (braille pattern dots-56) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠤ (braille pattern dots-36) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)
印刷体 “ ” ‘ ’ ( ) 〔 〕 { }
盲文 ⠰ (braille pattern dots-56)⠤ (braille pattern dots-36) ⠤ (braille pattern dots-36)⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246) ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) ⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456) ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)

数字

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台湾盲文传统数字

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台湾盲文数字包括序数词则直接照中文数字发音的点元表示之,也因四、十为单声母故需加上空韵(ㄭ)符号(⠱ (braille pattern dots-156))位于声调符号(2声/⠂ (braille pattern dots-2))之前作为中点元。

台湾盲文传统数字
⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)
〇/零 一/壹 二/贰 三/叁 四/肆 五/伍 六/陆 七/柒
⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)
八/扒 九/玖 十/拾 十一/拾壹 十二/拾贰 十三/拾叁 …… ……

台湾盲文阿拉伯数字

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"台湾盲文阿拉伯数字"的基本点元表示从0到9;从10以后的数字则以(⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1))(通用"数字符号"前点元组/前缀组)加上0到9的英文阿拉伯数字之"后点元"而形成新的盲文字组来表示之。台湾盲文的阿拉伯数字表示,一般用“台湾盲文阿拉伯数字”的特有表示法即可。英文的阿拉伯数字表示,则去掉(⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456))(通用数字记号点元 )即可表示。

台湾盲文阿拉伯数字
⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠓ (braille pattern dots-125) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)
8 9 10 11 12 13 …… ……

英语字母及阿拉伯数字

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英语盲文字母

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英语盲文字母则照英语本有之英语盲文字母的点元表示之。

由10个英语盲文阿拉伯数字(黑点)推导出26个英语盲文字母(色点)
a/1 b/2 c/3 d/4 e/5 f/6 g/7 h/8 i/9 j/0
k l m n o p q r s t
u v x y z w

英语盲文阿拉伯数字

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"英语盲文阿拉伯数字"则依英文特有之“英语盲文阿拉伯数字”表示,且对应10个英文字母(a 到 j)。9之后则双英语盲文阿拉伯数字并列之、如10则并列一个1点元及一个0点元,余此类推。

英语盲文阿拉伯数字
⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)
a/1 b/2 c/3 d/4 e/5 f/6 g/7 h/8 i/9 j/0 10 11 12 13 ……

以拼写汉语发音做为盲文的得失

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台湾所使用的“台湾盲文”及中国大陆所使用的“现行盲文”、“汉语双拼盲文”均属于中文盲文,即都是基于当地所用的现代标准汉语之语音为基础的盲文拼音,而与原本常用于书写中文的方块汉字无关。并也因此缺少了部分原本能以汉字提供的辨读功能,例如可用于表意及区别的形符及可以区分同音异字的不同字形等。 另一个问题,是盲人由于缺乏对汉字的训练,会对汉字一无所知。例如在香港,不少盲人只懂得讲或打盲文而不会写书写汉字,就是这个原因。

例文

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世界人权宣言

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世界人权宣言》是联合国大会于1948年12月10日在法国巴黎夏乐宫通过的一份旨在维护人类基本权利文献(联合国大会第217号决议,A/RES/217)。宣言起草的直接原因是对第二次世界大战的反省,是第一份在全球范围内表述所有人类都应该享有的权利的文件。底下以中文、台湾盲文,及英文参照对译。

联合国世界人权宣言 ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)⠘ (braille pattern dots-45)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠘ (braille pattern dots-45)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)   The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
第一条 ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)   Article 1.
人人生而自由, ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)   All human beings are born free
在尊严和权利上一律平等。 ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)⠘ (braille pattern dots-45)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠤ (braille pattern dots-36)   and equal in dignity and rights.
他们赋有理性和良心, ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345)⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)   They are endowed with reason and conscience
并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。 ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠈ (braille pattern dots-4)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠤ (braille pattern dots-36)   and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

注释

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  1. ^ 國語點字碼介紹. (原始内容存档于2017-03-05). 
  2. ^ Only p m d n g c a e ê ü (from p m d n k j ä è dropped-e ü) approximate the French norm. Other letters have been reassigned so that the sets of letters in groups such as d t n l and g k h are similar in shape.
  3. ^ 国语盲文自学手册页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), National Taiwan Library, retrieved on April 18, 2016.
  4. ^ [sic] One might expect ㄐ j (/tɕ/) to pair with ㄗ z (/ts/), by analogy with the others. Compare here页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), where the character 学 xué is rendered "süé". Historically it could have been either. The principal behind the assignments seems to be that, of the historically appropriate pairs of letters g~z, k~c, and h~s, the letter with the fewer dots is used for j, q, x.
  5. ^ 存档副本. [2016-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-19). 
  6. ^ 万明美, 2001, “视障教育”, 五南图书出版股份有限公司, p.74 ff

相关影视

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