成见威胁
外观
成见威胁(英语:stereotype threat)是指一个人在某种环境里,会担忧或焦虑自己的行为,将会验证那些对于自己所属社会群体的负面刻板印象,而这种焦虑将会影响该人的表现,使得他的表现变差。成见威胁于1995年被引进至学术界上,从此成为社会心理学范畴上经常被目。
对表现的影响
[编辑]有超过三百篇已出版的研究,都在多个领域里发现了成见威胁对表现的影响。[2]成见威胁是否会出现和任务是被贴上何种标签有关。如果任务被贴上中性的标签,那成见威胁就较不会出现;然而若测验附有与既有成见相合的内容的话,那参与者就有可能会有较差的表现。像例如对西洋棋下棋者的研究显示,若女性参与这被告知说对手是男性的话,她们的表现就会比预期的来得差;相反地,若女性参与这被告知对手是女性的话,其表现就会和依过去纪录所预期的一致。[3]被提醒说“女性在西洋棋方面的表现比男性差”这样的刻板印象的女性参与者,其表现会较差。
参考文献
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ Osborne, Jason W. Linking Stereotype Threat and Anxiety. Educational Psychology. 2007, 27 (1): 135–154. ISSN 0144-3410. doi:10.1080/01443410601069929.
- ^ Stroessner, Steve; Good, Catherine. Stereotype Threat: An Overview (PDF). dingo.sbs.arizona.edu. Reducing Stereotype Threat.org. [6 March 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-06-04).
- ^ Maass, Anne; D'Ettole, Claudio; Cadinu, Mara. Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2008, 38 (2): 231–245. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.440.
来源
[编辑]- Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, A.M. (2005). Social Psychology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
- Sackett, P. R.; Hardison, C. M.; & Cullen, M. J. (Jan., 2004). On Interpreting Stereotype Threat as Accounting for African American–White Differences on Cognitive Tests. American Psychologist, 59(1), 7–13.
- Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5), 797-811.
- Steele, C. M., Spencer, S., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 37. Academic Press.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Inzlicht, Michael; Schmader, Toni. Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application. Oxford University Press. 2011 [2020-12-12]. ISBN 9780199732449. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- Gladwell, Malcolm. The Art of Failure: Why some people choke and others panic. The New Yorker. 21 August 2000 [29 May 2011]. (原始内容存档于14 May 2011).
- Walton, Gregory M.; Murphy, Mary C.; Ryan, Ann Marie. Stereotype rhreat in organizations: implications for equity and performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. April 2015, 2: 523–550. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322.
- Pruysers, Scott; Blais, Julie. Why won't Lola run? An experiment examining stereotype threat and political ambition. Politics & Gender. June 2017, 13 (2): 232–252. doi:10.1017/S1743923X16000544.
- Spencer SJ, Logel C, Davies PG. Stereotype Threat. Annual Review of Psychology. January 2016, 67: 415–37. PMID 26361054. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235.
外部链接
[编辑]- American Psychology Association statement: "Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Understanding Stereotype Threat" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from University of California, Berkeley
- "Reducing Stereotype Threat" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from Washington University in St. Louis