华氏式别
华氏式别(Whyte notation),又称华氏轮式,是铁路蒸气机车的轮式分类法之一,由美国铁路工程师弗雷德里克·梅斯文·华特(Frederick Methvan Whyte)提出[2]。1900年12月出版的“美国工程师及铁路学报”(American Engineer and Railroad Journal)率先对华氏式别进行介绍和宣传,随后华氏式别在20世纪初期开始使用,并迅速普及成为世界上最普遍的蒸汽机车分类法。这种分类法的原理是顺序计算机车前端的导轮、中间的动轮及后端的从轮数量,这三组数字之间以连接号相隔[3]。华氏式别作为按车轮数量的分类法,其原则和其他以车轴数量分类的蒸汽机车分类法,例如UIC分类法、法式式别(French Notation)、德式式别(German Notation)等,有着明显的区别。
因此,以一台拥有2根导轴、3根动轴和1根从轴、合共6轴的蒸汽机车为例,即相当于拥有4个导轮、6个动轮和2个从轮,其华氏轮式为“4-6-2”。
方法及演变
[编辑]尽管蒸汽机车不断推陈出新,为了满足各种机车的规范化,华氏式别也有相应的演变,但其模式和原理依然是相同的。
后缀
[编辑]在某些情况下华氏轮式除数字外也会带有后缀,以表示机车更多的属性。后缀“T”代表这是一台自带煤水柜的水柜式蒸汽机车,如果没有后缀则自动归类为煤水车式蒸汽机车。在英国的制度中,亦会同时以后缀来表示煤水柜的类型,例如“T”代表侧式水柜、“PT”代表鞍式水柜、“WT”代表井式水柜、“T+T”代表机车可以使用额外的煤水车携带更多燃料。
此外在欧洲也有一些不常见的后缀,例如“ng”代表窄轨机车、“CA”或“ca”代表以压缩空气驱动的无火机车。
关节式机车
[编辑]1884年,瑞士工程师阿纳托尔·马莱特(Anatole Mallet)发明了关节式机车[4],容许两台固定连接、拥有各自蒸汽机的机车共用同一个锅炉,表面上看来是一台机车但实际上是两台或以上机车的结合,机车轮轴增多、牵引力大、通过曲线性能好,盖拉特式(Garratt)是其中一个最著名的例子。对于这种情况,在表示轮式时两台机车之间以“+”号标示,两台固定连接的“太平洋型”(Pacific,4-6-2)盖拉特式机车,其华氏识别为“4-6-2+2-6-4”。
其他形式的关节式机车,例如马莱特式(Mallet),由于两台实体机车的动轴之间并没有从轴,因此代表从轴的数字可以省略。例如联合太平洋铁路的4000型“大男孩”(Big Boy)机车,华氏式别为“4-8-8-4”,代表机车拥有2根导轴(4个导轮),两台蒸汽机分别驱动4根动轴(8个动轮),并有2根从轴(4个从轮)。
内燃机车
[编辑]在英国,两轴至三轴小型柴油机车或汽油机车也可以用华氏蒸汽机车式别法来分类,方式相同但由于内燃机车不需要导轮和从轮,因此首尾的数字均是“0”,例如“0-4-0”、“0-6-0”、“0-8-0”。另外也可以加上后缀,例如“D”代表柴油机车、“P”代表汽油机车、“E”代表电力传动、“H”代表液力传动、“M”代表机械传动。而为了简单表示,或可以以“w”代替除动轴数量以外的其他部分。因此,“0-6-0DE”就代表一台三轴的电传动柴油机车,简写“6wDE”。
轮式命名
[编辑]美国的传统上习惯将常见的机车轮式命名,并对应华氏轮式,通常是将首种采用该轮式的机车名称来命名;但也有例外,例如诺森伯兰式实际上是该轮式的第八辆机车。
轮式 (车头向左) |
华氏式别 | 命名 | 中译 |
---|---|---|---|
普通单节式机车 | |||
0-2-2 | Northumbrian | 诺森伯兰式 | |
2-2-0 | Planet | 行星式 | |
2-2-2 | Single[2]Jenny Lind | 珍尼·林德式 | |
2-2-4 | Aerolite | ||
4-2-0 | Jervis[5] | 吉维斯式 | |
4-2-2 | Bicycle | 自行车式 | |
4-2-4 | Huntington | 亨廷顿式 | |
6-2-0 | Crampton[6] | 克兰普顿式 | |
0-4-0 | Four-Coupled | 四轮式 | |
0-4-2 | Olomana | 奥罗马纳式 | |
0-4-4 | Forney[1] | 福尼式 | |
2-4-0 | Porter
'Old English'[7] |
波特式 | |
2-4-2 | Columbia[1] | 哥伦比亚式 | |
2-4-4 | Boston | 波士顿式 | |
4-4-0 | American[1][8]Eight-wheeler | 美国式 | |
4-4-2 | Atlantic[1][9] | 大西洋式 | |
4-4-4 | Reading
Jubilee(加拿大)[10] |
雷丁式 | |
0-6-0 | Six-Coupled[1]Bourbonnais(法国)
USRA 0-6-0(美国) || 六轮式 波旁式 | ||
0-6-2 | Branchliner
Webb |
支线车式
韦伯式 | |
0-6-4 | Forney six-coupled[1] | 福尼六轮式 | |
2-6-0 | Mogul[1][11] | 莫卧儿式 | |
2-6-2 | Prairie[1][2] | 草原式 | |
2-6-4 | Adriatic | 双端式 | |
2-6-6 | Suburban | 郊区式 | |
4-6-0 | Ten-Wheeler[1][12] (not Britain)[13] | 十轮式 | |
4-6-2 | Pacific[1][2][14][15] | 太平洋式 | |
4-6-4 | Hudson,[16] Baltic[2] | 哈得逊式 | |
0-8-0 | Eight-Coupled[1] USRA 0-8-0 (United States) | 八轮式 | |
0-8-2 | River Irt[17] | ||
0-8-4 | London | 伦敦式 | |
2-8-0 | Consolidation[1][2][18] | 巩固式 | |
2-8-2 | Mikado,[1][2] Mike, MacArthur[19][20] | 天皇式 | |
2-8-4 | Berkshire, Kanawha[21][22] | 卡纳瓦式 | |
2-8-6 | (无) | ||
4-8-0 | Mastodon, Twelve-Wheeler[1] | 乳齿象式 | |
4-8-2 | Mountain,[2][23] Mohawk[24] | 山岳式 | |
4-8-4 | Northern, Niagara, Confederation, Dixie, Greenbrier, Pocono, Potomac, Golden State, Western, General, Wyoming (Lehigh Valley[25]), Governor, Big Apple, GS Series "Daylight" (Southern Pacific)[26] | 联盟式、北方式 | |
4-8-6 | (未制造) | ||
6-8-6 | [27] | ||
0-10-0 | Ten-Coupled,[1][28]Decapod | 十轮式 | |
0-10-2 | Union[28] | 联合式 | |
2-10-0 | Decapod[1][29] | 得家宝式 | |
2-10-2 | Santa Fe,[1] Central, Decapod(美国南太平洋铁路) | 圣达菲式 | |
2-10-4 | Texas, Colorado, Selkirk (Canada)[30] | 德克萨斯式 | |
4-10-0 | Mastodon,[1] Gobernador | 乳齿象式 | |
4-10-2 | Southern Pacific, Overland[31] | 南太平洋式 | |
0-12-0 | Twelve-Coupled | 十二轮式 | |
2-12-0 | Centipede[1] | 蜈蚣式 | |
2-12-2 | Javanic | ||
2-12-4 | Bulgaria | 保加利亚式 | |
4-12-2 | Union Pacific | ||
4-14-4 | AA20[32] | ||
复式蒸汽机车(Duplex locomotive) | |||
4-4-4-4 | (PRR T1)[33] | ||
6-4-4-6 | (PRR S1)[34] | ||
4-4-6-4 | (PRR Q2)[35] | ||
4-6-4-4 | (PRR Q1) | ||
马莱特关节式蒸汽机车[19] | |||
0-4-4-0 | Bavarian BB II [36] | ||
2-4-4-0 | Vivarais | ||
0-4-4-2 | Swiss | 瑞士式 | |
2-4-4-2 | Skookum | ||
0-6-6-0 | Erie | 伊利式 | |
2-6-6-0 | Mogul Mallet | ||
2-6-6-2 | Chesapeake | 切萨皮克式 | |
2-6-6-4 | Adriatic Mallet | ||
2-6-6-6 | Allegheny,[37] Blue Ridge | ||
4-6-6-2 | [38] | ||
4-6-6-4 | Challenger[39] | 挑战者 | |
2-6-8-0 | [40] | ||
0-8-8-0 | Angus | ||
2-8-8-0 | Bull Moose | ||
2-8-8-2 | Mikado Mallet | ||
2-8-8-4 | Yellowstone[41] | 黄石式 | |
4-8-8-2 | Mountain Mallet | ||
4-8-8-4 | Big Boy[42] | 大男孩 | |
2-10-10-2 | (Santa Fe and Virginian railroads)[40] | ||
2-8-8-8-2 | Triplex (Erie RR) | ||
2-8-8-8-4 | Triplex (Virginian RR)[43] | ||
盖拉特关节式蒸汽机车 | |||
0-4-0+0-4-0 | Double Four Coupled | 双四轮式 | |
2-6-2+2-6-2 | Double Prairie | 双草原式 |
参看
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Colvin, Fred H. The railroad pocket-book: a quick reference cyclopedia of railroad information. New York, Derry-Collard; London, Locomotive Publishing Company (US-UK co-edition). 1906: L‑9.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Steam Locomotive Glossary. Railway Technical Web Pages. 2007-06-28 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-28).
- ^ Thompson, Keith. Builder's plates: A locomotive's birth certificate. Kalmbach Publishing. 2006-05-01 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-22).
- ^ Semi-articulated Locomotives Part 2. The International Steam Pages. [2010-12-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-19).
- ^ White, John H., Jr. A History of the American Locomotive - Its Development: 1830-1880. New York: Dover Publications. 1968. ISBN 0-486-23818-0., p. 33.
- ^ Adams, Bob. The Crampton Type Locomotive on the Camden & Amboy Railroad. NMRA Bulletin (National Model Railroad Association). December 1968.
- ^ Ellis, C Hamilton, Some Classic Locomotives, Allen & Unwin, 1949.173 p.
- ^ White (1968), p. 46.
- ^ Marsden, Richard. The LNER 4-4-2 Atlantic Locomotives. The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. 2008 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-13).
- ^ Canadian Pacific Railway No. 2929. Steamtown NHS Special History Study. United States National Park Service. 2002-02-14 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-05-19).
- ^ White (1968), p 62-65.
- ^ White (1968), p. 57.
- ^ Marsden, Richard. LNER 4-6-0 Locomotives. The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. 2008 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-13).
- ^ Marsden, Richard. LNER 4-6-2 Pacific Locomotives. The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. 2008 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-25).
- ^ Pacifics. SteamLocomotive.com accessdate=2008-02-08. (原始内容存档于2008-01-25).
- ^ Hudsons. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-27).
- ^ Marsden, Richard. The Ivatt R1 0-8-2 Tank Locomotives. The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. 2008 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-27).
- ^ White (1968), p. 65.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Glossary Of Common Railroad Terms: M. Kalmbach Publishing. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-24).
- ^ The Mikado Type Locomotive. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-21).
- ^ Farrell, Jack W. North American steam locomotives: The Berkshire and Texas types. Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail. 1989. ISBN 0-915713-15-2.
- ^ Berkshires & Kanawhas. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-26).
- ^ Mountains. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-30).
- ^ Taylor, Frank. New York Central Dual-service Mohawk. Model Railroader (Kalmbach Publishing). January 1941.
- ^ 存档副本. [2010-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2010-08-13).
- ^ Northerns. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-12).
- ^ Staufer, Alvin F. Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1900-1957. Wayner Publications. 1962. ISBN 0944513042.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Carlson, Neil. Steam locomotive profile: 0-10-0. Classic Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). 2006-07-03 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29).
- ^ Glossary Of Common Railroad Terms: D. Kalmbach Publishing. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-01-01).
- ^ The Texas Type Locomotive. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-25).
- ^ Westing, Frederick. Baldwin's barnstorming behemoth. Trains. April 1954.
- ^ Russian Reforms. 2001-10-06 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2010-10-18).
- ^ Russ, David. Riding the Pennsy T1. Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). July 1943.
- ^ Morgan, David P. They called her the big engine. Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). May 1965.
- ^ Herring, S. E. and Morgan, David P. Instead of a 4-10-4. Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). June 1966.
- ^ Barry, Frank. Mexico's inside-and-outside-framed 0-4-4-0s. Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). June 1963.
- ^ The Allegheny Type Locomotive. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-27).
- ^ Diebert, Timothy S. and Strapac, Joseph A. Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Conpendium. Shade Tree Books. 1987. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.
- ^ The Challenger Type Locomotive. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-25).
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Carlson, Neil. Steam locomotive profile: 2-8-8-2. Classic Trains (Kalmbach Publishing). 2006-06-15 [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-16).
- ^ The Yellowstone Type Locomotive. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2003-02-03).
- ^ Union Pacific Big Boys. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-09-22).
- ^ Virginian Class XA Locomotives. SteamLocomotive.com. [2008-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-01-12).