可卡因:修订间差异
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|2=zh:古柯;zh-hans:古柯;zh-hk:可卡;zh-tw:古柯; |
|2=zh:古柯;zh-hans:古柯;zh-hk:可卡;zh-tw:古柯; |
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{{Infobox drug |
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{{drugbox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 477165921 |
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| IUPAC_name = methyl (1''R'',2''R'',3''S'',5''S'')-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate |
| IUPAC_name = methyl (1''R'',2''R'',3''S'',5''S'')-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate |
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| image = |
| image = Kokain - Cocaine.svg |
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| image2 = Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png |
| image2 = Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png |
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<!--Clinical data--> |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|cocaine}} |
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| pregnancy_US = C |
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| legal_UK = Class A |
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| legal_UN = N I III |
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| dependency_liability = Physical: Yes<ref>{{cite book|last1=Freye|first1=Enno|title=Pharmacology and abuse of cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy and related designer drugs a comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789048124480|page=63|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OTAlolM3XlwC&pg=PA63}}</ref><ref name=Gho2010/><br />Psychological: High<ref name=Gho2010>{{cite book|author1=Hamid Ghodse|title=Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139485678|page=91|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91}}</ref> |
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| addiction_liability = High<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition|date=2007|publisher=CRC Press|location=Abingdon|isbn=9781420047424|pages=222-223|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222}}</ref> |
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| routes_of_administration = [[外用藥物|外用]]、[[给药途径|口服]]、{{tsl|en|insufflation (medicine)||insufflation}}、[[靜脈注射]] |
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<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
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⚫ | | bioavailability = [[给药途径|口服]]:33%<ref name="fattinger2000">{{cite journal |author=Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D |title=Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=305–10 |year=2000 |pmid=10954344 |doi=10.1007/s002280000147}}</ref><br />{{tsl|en|Insufflation (medicine)||Insufflated}}: 60<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R |title=Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=3 |issue=2–3 |pages=353–66 |year=1981 |pmid=7242115 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5}}</ref>–80%<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE |title=Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |year=1989 |pmid=2565204}}</ref><br />{{tsl|en|Nasal spray||Nasal spray}}: 25<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/clpt.1980.52 |author=Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R |title=Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics |journal=Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=386–94 |year=1980 |pmid=7357795}}</ref>–43%<ref name="fattinger2000" /> |
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| excretion = 腎臟({{tsl|en|benzoylecgonine||苯甲酰芽子堿}}和{{le|芽子鹼|Ecgonine|芽子鹼甲酯}}) |
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<!--Identifiers--> |
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| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CAS_number = 50-36-2 |
| CAS_number = 50-36-2 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| ATC_prefix = N01 |
| ATC_prefix = N01 |
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| ATC_suffix = BC01 |
| ATC_suffix = BC01 |
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| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|R02|AD03}}, {{ATC|S01|HA01}}, {{ATC|S02|DA02}} |
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|R02|AD03}}, {{ATC|S01|HA01}}, {{ATC|S02|DA02}} |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 27958 |
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| PubChem = 5760 |
| PubChem = 5760 |
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| IUPHAR_ligand = 2286 |
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| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
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| smiles = C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC3CC2CC[C@@H](N2C)[C@H]3C(=O)OC |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = I5Y540LHVR |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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⚫ | | bioavailability = |
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| KEGG = D00110 |
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| protein_bound = |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL = 120901 |
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| PDB_ligand = COC |
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| excretion = Renal (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester) |
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| pregnancy_category = C |
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<!--Chemical data--> |
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| smiles = CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2 |
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| InChI = 1/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 |
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| routes_of_administration = [[Topical]], Oral, [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflation]]、[[intravenous|IV]], PO |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |
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| dependency_liability = High |
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| StdInChIKey = ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N |
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| boiling_point = 187 |
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}} |
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[[File:Cocaine3.jpg|thumb|150px|從可卡樹葉提煉之純-{zh:古柯碱;zh-hans:古柯碱;zh-hk:可卡因;zh-tw:古柯鹼;}-]] |
[[File:Cocaine3.jpg|thumb|150px|從可卡樹葉提煉之純-{zh:古柯碱;zh-hans:古柯碱;zh-hk:可卡因;zh-tw:古柯鹼;}-]] |
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'''可卡因'''({{lang-en|Cocaine}}),又譯為'''-{zh-hans:古柯碱;zh-hk:古柯鹼;zh-tw:可卡因;}-''',一種由[[古柯葉]]中提練出毒品,從1985年起成為了世界性主要[[毒品]],其原因為提煉技術提昇製成之[[純古柯鹼]]可方便吸食,並在25-150毫克劑量下,使吸食者於幾秒鐘至幾分鐘後產生興奮感、激動。 |
'''可卡因'''({{lang-en|Cocaine}}),又譯為'''-{zh-hans:古柯碱;zh-hk:古柯鹼;zh-tw:可卡因;}-''',一種由[[古柯葉]]中提練出毒品,從1985年起成為了世界性主要[[毒品]],其原因為提煉技術提昇製成之[[純古柯鹼]]可方便吸食,並在25-150毫克劑量下,使吸食者於幾秒鐘至幾分鐘後產生興奮感、激動。 |
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可卡因是一种[[5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂]]。 |
可卡因是一种[[5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂]]。 |
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<!-- Definition and effects --> |
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'''可卡因'''([[国际非专利药品名称|INN]]:{{lang-en|Cocaine}}),又譯為'''-{zh-hans:古柯碱;zh-hk:古柯鹼;zh-tw:可卡因;}-'''。為一強烈的[[興奮劑]],常拿來做為[[娛樂性藥物]]<ref name=Pom2012>{{cite journal|last1=Pomara|first1=C|last2=Cassano|first2=T|last3=D'Errico|first3=S|last4=Bello|first4=S|last5=Romano|first5=AD|last6=Riezzo|first6=I|last7=Serviddio|first7=G|title=Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers.|journal=Current medicinal chemistry|date=2012|volume=19|issue=33|pages=5647-57|pmid=22856655}}</ref>。可卡因常以粉末方式由鼻腔吸入、吸入,或者[[靜脈]]注射的方式使用。可能造成的心理影響有[[思覺失調]]、[[欣快|欣快感]],或者{{le|精神激動|Psychomotor agitation}}。生理上的症狀可能包括[[心跳過速]]、出汗與{{le|散瞳|Mydriasis|瞳孔放大}}<ref name=Zim2012>{{cite journal|last1=Zimmerman|first1=JL|title=Cocaine intoxication.|journal=Critical care clinics|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=4|pages=517-26|pmid=22998988}}</ref>。高劑量的可卡因會造成[[高血壓]]或[[中暑]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Connors|first1=NJ|last2=Hoffman|first2=RS|title=Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside.|journal=The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics|date=November 2013|volume=347|issue=2|pages=251-7|pmid=23978563}}</ref>。使用後數秒到分鐘即出現效果,並持續5到90分鐘<ref name=Zim2012/>。可卡因偶爾也會用於醫療用途,例如{{le|局部麻醉|Topical anesthetic}}與減少鼻部手術的出血<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harper|first1=SJ|last2=Jones|first2=NS|title=Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature.|journal=The Journal of laryngology and otology|date=October 2006|volume=120|issue=10|pages=808-11|pmid=16848922}}</ref>。 |
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<!-- Risks --> |
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可卡因具有[[物質使用疾患|成癮性]],原因是由於其作用於腦中的{{tsl|en|mesolimbic pathway||獎賞路徑}}<!-- <ref name=Pom2012/> -->。短時間使用後,會出現[[依賴性]]的高風險<ref name=Pom2012/>。使用可卡因也會增加[[中風]]、[[心肌梗死]]、肺部問題、[[敗血症]]與[[猝死]]的風險<ref name=Pom2012/><ref name=Sor2014>{{cite journal|last1=Sordo|first1=L|last2=Indave|first2=BI|last3=Barrio|first3=G|last4=Degenhardt|first4=L|last5=de la Fuente|first5=L|last6=Bravo|first6=MJ|title=Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review.|journal=Drug and alcohol dependence|date=1 September 2014|volume=142|pages=1-13|pmid=25066468}}</ref>。一般街頭犯罪上販賣的可卡因,常見的會混入[[局部麻醉藥]]、玉米澱粉、[[奎寧]]或者醣類等會增加額外毒性的物質<ref name=Gold2009>{{cite journal|last1=Goldstein|first1=RA|last2=DesLauriers|first2=C|last3=Burda|first3=AM|title=Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=January 2009|volume=55|issue=1|pages=6-38|pmid=19081448}}</ref>。持續反覆使用可卡因,會{{le|失樂症|Anhedonia|減少感覺快樂的能力}}與身體疲累<ref name=Pom2012/>。 |
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<!-- Mechanism --> |
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Cocaine acts by [[5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂|inhibiting the reuptake of sertonin, norephinephrine, and dopamine]].<!-- <ref name=Pom2012/> --> This results in greater concentrations of these three [[神经递质|neurotransmitter]]s in the brain.<ref name=Pom2012/> It easily cross the [[血腦屏障|blood–brain barrier]] and may lead to its breakdown.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma|first1=HS|last2=Muresanu|first2=D|last3=Sharma|first3=A|last4=Patnaik|first4=R|title=Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and neurotoxicity |journal=International Review of Neurobiology|volume=88 |pages=297–334|year=2009|pmid=19897082 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2 |series=International Review of Neurobiology |isbn=978-0-12-374504-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Karch|first1=Steven B.|title=Karch's pathology of drug abuse|date=2009|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=9780849378812|page=70|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&pg=PA70}}</ref> Cocaine is made from the leaves of the [[古柯|coca plant]] which are mostly grown in South America.<ref name=Zim2012/> In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally.<ref name=UN2015>{{cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs 2014|date=2015|publisher=INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD|isbn=9789210481571|page=21|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|format=pdf}}</ref> While it is estimated that 100 to 500 billion USD are spent illegally get the drug each year.<!-- <ref name=Pom2012/> --> With further processing [[霹雳可卡因|crack cocaine]] can be produced.<ref name=Pom2012/> |
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可卡因是[[5-羟色胺]]、[[去甲肾上腺素]],和[[多巴胺]]的[[5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂|再摄取抑制剂]],會使腦部這三種[[神經遞質]]的濃度上昇<ref name=Pom2012/>。可卡因可以輕易地通過[[血腦屏障]],而且可能會造成血腦屏障的破壞<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma|first1=HS|last2=Muresanu|first2=D|last3=Sharma|first3=A|last4=Patnaik|first4=R|title=Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and neurotoxicity |journal=International Review of Neurobiology|volume=88 |pages=297–334|year=2009|pmid=19897082 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2 |series=International Review of Neurobiology |isbn=978-0-12-374504-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Karch|first1=Steven B.|title=Karch's pathology of drug abuse|date=2009|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=9780849378812|page=70|edition=4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&pg=PA70}}</ref>。可卡因是由[[古柯]]的葉子製成,此一植物的主要產地在南美<ref name=Zim2012/>。2013年合法生產的可卡因數量有419公斤<ref name=UN2015>{{cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs 2014|date=2015|publisher=INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD|isbn=9789210481571|page=21|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|format=pdf}}</ref>。估計美國每年非法可卡因的市場在一千億到五千億美金之間,可卡因可再經過進一步的加工,製成[[霹靂可卡因]]<ref name=Pom2012/>。 |
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<!-- History, society and culture --> |
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可卡因是繼[[大麻]]之後,全世界最常使用的[[管制藥物|濫用藥物]]之一<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karila|first1=L|last2=Zarmdini|first2=R|last3=Petit|first3=A|last4=Lafaye|first4=G|last5=Lowenstein|first5=W|last6=Reynaud|first6=M|title=[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician].|journal=Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983)|date=January 2014|volume=43|issue=1|pages=9-17|pmid=23727012}}</ref>。每年用藥人數約在1400萬至2100萬人之間<!-- <ref name=Pom2012/ -->,其中北美洲的用量最大,其次為歐洲和南美洲<ref name=Pom2012/>。其中 1-3% 的[[已開發國家]]人口在他的一生中至少使用過可卡因一次<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref>。2013年,可卡因直接導致約4300人死亡,比起1990年的2400人上升了許多[18]。{{le|祕魯人|Peruvians}}從遠古時代就有嚼食[[古柯|古柯葉]]的習俗<ref name=Gold2009/>。1860年,可卡因首次由古柯葉內純化出來<ref name=Pom2012/>。1961年起,國際[[麻醉品單一公約]]要求各國將所有非醫學用途的可卡因使用入罪規範<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Room|first1=R|last2=Reuter|first2=P|title=How well do international drug conventions protect public health?|journal=Lancet|date=7 January 2012|volume=379|issue=9810|pages=84-91|pmid=22225673}}</ref>。 |
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== 歷史 == |
== 歷史 == |
2016年6月15日 (三) 10:48的版本
臨床資料 | |
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其他名稱 | benzoylmethylecgonine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex详细消费者药物信息 |
依賴性 | Physical: Yes[1][2] Psychological: High[2] |
成癮性 | High[3] |
给药途径 | 外用、口服、insufflation、靜脈注射 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
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藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 口服:33%[4] Insufflated: 60[5]–80%[6] Nasal spray: 25[7]–43%[4] |
药物代谢 | 肝臟(CYP3A4) |
生物半衰期 | 1 小時 |
排泄途徑 | 腎臟(苯甲酰芽子堿和芽子鹼甲酯) |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 50-36-2 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB配體ID | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.030 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C17H21NO4 |
摩尔质量 | 303.353 g/mol |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔点 | 98 °C(208 °F) |
沸点 | 187 °C(369 °F) |
水溶性 | HCl: 1800–2500 mg/mL (20 °C) |
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可卡因(英語:Cocaine),又譯為古柯碱,一種由古柯葉中提練出毒品,從1985年起成為了世界性主要毒品,其原因為提煉技術提昇製成之純古柯鹼可方便吸食,並在25-150毫克劑量下,使吸食者於幾秒鐘至幾分鐘後產生興奮感、激動。
可卡因是一种5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂。
可卡因(INN:英語:Cocaine),又譯為古柯碱。為一強烈的興奮劑,常拿來做為娛樂性藥物[8]。可卡因常以粉末方式由鼻腔吸入、吸入,或者靜脈注射的方式使用。可能造成的心理影響有思覺失調、欣快感,或者精神激動。生理上的症狀可能包括心跳過速、出汗與瞳孔放大[9]。高劑量的可卡因會造成高血壓或中暑[10]。使用後數秒到分鐘即出現效果,並持續5到90分鐘[9]。可卡因偶爾也會用於醫療用途,例如局部麻醉與減少鼻部手術的出血[11]。
可卡因具有成癮性,原因是由於其作用於腦中的獎賞路徑。短時間使用後,會出現依賴性的高風險[8]。使用可卡因也會增加中風、心肌梗死、肺部問題、敗血症與猝死的風險[8][12]。一般街頭犯罪上販賣的可卡因,常見的會混入局部麻醉藥、玉米澱粉、奎寧或者醣類等會增加額外毒性的物質[13]。持續反覆使用可卡因,會減少感覺快樂的能力與身體疲累[8]。
Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of sertonin, norephinephrine, and dopamine. This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain.[8] It easily cross the blood–brain barrier and may lead to its breakdown.[14][15] Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca plant which are mostly grown in South America.[9] In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally.[16] While it is estimated that 100 to 500 billion USD are spent illegally get the drug each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced.[8]
可卡因是5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素,和多巴胺的再摄取抑制剂,會使腦部這三種神經遞質的濃度上昇[8]。可卡因可以輕易地通過血腦屏障,而且可能會造成血腦屏障的破壞[17][18]。可卡因是由古柯的葉子製成,此一植物的主要產地在南美[9]。2013年合法生產的可卡因數量有419公斤[16]。估計美國每年非法可卡因的市場在一千億到五千億美金之間,可卡因可再經過進一步的加工,製成霹靂可卡因[8]。
可卡因是繼大麻之後,全世界最常使用的濫用藥物之一[19]。每年用藥人數約在1400萬至2100萬人之間,其中北美洲的用量最大,其次為歐洲和南美洲[8]。其中 1-3% 的已開發國家人口在他的一生中至少使用過可卡因一次[20]。2013年,可卡因直接導致約4300人死亡,比起1990年的2400人上升了許多[18]。祕魯人從遠古時代就有嚼食古柯葉的習俗[13]。1860年,可卡因首次由古柯葉內純化出來[8]。1961年起,國際麻醉品單一公約要求各國將所有非醫學用途的可卡因使用入罪規範[21]。
歷史
- 最早是亚美利哥·韦斯普奇(Amerigo Vespucci)於西元1499年寫下他對於嚼古柯葉者的印象,這是歐洲人最早的相關記載。在他眼中,這種人兩頰塞滿奇怪的草藥,反芻般地咀嚼不停,實在是他所見過最醜陋最野蠻的人[22]。
- 1855年,德國化學家斐德烈(G.Friedrich)首度從古柯葉中提取出麻藥成份,並命名為「Erythroxylon」。四年後,斐德烈的同事纽曼(A.Newman)又精製出更高純度的物質,替名為「古柯鹼」(Cocaine)。首部以古柯樹為研究的藥用書籍則在1859年出版。
- 1860年,已有醫生由古柯葉中提煉出古柯鹼,並作為醫學用之麻醉藥品。
- 1880年代初期,以6%古柯鹼成分之藥酒問世,稱為馬林安尼。
- 1884年,著名的心理學家佛洛伊德推薦使用古柯鹼來作為酒精與嗎啡上癮之替代藥品。
- 1886年問世之可口可樂,尚含有微量古柯鹼,不過可口可樂旋即於1906年排除此配方。
- 2009年時,紅牛能量飲料(Red Bull Energy Drink)曾被台灣及香港驗出有微量古柯鹼成份,但不會影響人體。
上癮成因及危險
毒性比較
資料來自權威醫學期刊:《柳葉刀》關於常見管制藥品其傷害性及成癮性比較, 包括菸草、酒。
古柯鹼成癮最大原因是吸食者需尋求更多的古柯鹼來逃離這種吸食後之沮喪感。另外,因古柯鹼造成死亡的例子並不多見。不過,古柯鹼仍會對吸食者造成身體上的嚴重戕害,例如:阻礙腦部神經傳遞質多巴胺、並影響正腎上腺素、血清素正常攝取,加速大腦老化[23]。除此,古柯鹼還會嚴重影響神經系統、血管的收縮、瞳孔的擴大及導致心跳不正常。
因為古柯鹼成癮性強,並對吸食者產生健康傷害,1914年,美國即宣佈古柯鹼為禁藥,該禁令延續至今。與美國相同,至今絕大部分國家都將古柯鹼視為毒品,至今古柯鹼仍為西方世界主要毒品之一。
參考文獻
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