極右派

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極右派（Far Right）是指其政治立場位於政治光譜最右端的人士或組織。極右派和極左派常意味著極端主義（Extremism）。「極右派」也常被許多政治評論家用來描述一些難以歸入傳統右派的政治團體、運動和政黨。[1]

一些學者使用「極端右派」（Extreme Right）或「偏激右派」（Ultra Right）來討論位於傳統選舉政治範圍以外的右派政治團體，通常有革命右派份子、好戰的種族至上主義者和宗教極端主義者、新法西斯主義者、新納粹主義者和三K黨員等。在這種用法中，該名詞與不好戰的極右派或右派民粹主義者等其他形式的極右派有所區別。[2]

學者在使用「極右派」時有著至少兩種衝突的用法：[3]

  1. 傾向改革的右派運動或保守派政黨中的右派派系。他們常被稱為「不同政見的右派」（Dissident Right）、「行動主義右派」（Activist Right）或「右翼民粹主義」（Right-wing Populism）。他們的立場介於傳統保守派和極端右派之間。這些人士位於主流選舉政治之外，但他們一般是發起改革運動，而非革命。
  2. 新法西斯主義者與新納粹主義者時常被視為「極端右派」或「偏激右派」。這些團體通常具有革命性質，而非改革。新法西斯和新納粹也意指他們來自二戰之後的時代。

由於這些分類尚未普遍被接受，以及還有其他的用法存在，因此讓「極右派」的用法較為複雜。

目录

用法 [编辑]

不同學者在「極右派」的使用上有著衝突的用法。[4] 「極右派」最常用來描述法西斯主義、納粹主義和其他偏激民族主義者，以及其他的反動意識形態與運動。[5][6][7][8] 荷蘭政治家平·佛圖恩（Pim Fortuyn）因他的移民和穆斯林政策而被英國廣播公司稱為極右派。[9] 全國公共廣播電台等曾使用「極右派」來描述一些宣揚自由市場資本主義的威權政府，像是智利的奧古斯托·皮諾切特。[10][11] 左派刊物《新左派評論》（New Left Review）曾稱雷根的政策是「激進右派」（Radical Right）。[12] 「激進右派」也被用來表示「視個人為核心的自由意志主義運動」。[13]

美國國土安全部將右派極端主義定義為目標放在激進、種族或宗教少數份子的仇恨團體，而且可能致力於某項單一議題，如反對墮胎和移民。[14]

但「極右派」這個說法常會使人誤解。許多人所認為的「極右派」政黨，雖然抱持著民族主義，因此在社會政策上屬於右派，但有許多政黨是支持集產主義形式或類似社會主義的傳統左派經濟政策，像是英國民族黨（British National Party）、納粹黨或民族布爾什維克黨（National Bolshevik Party）。

各國極右派組織 [编辑]

非洲 [编辑]

歐洲 [编辑]

北美洲 [编辑]

南美洲 [编辑]

亞洲 [编辑]

大洋洲 [编辑]

參見 [编辑]

注釋 [编辑]

  1. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000
  2. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000
  3. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
  4. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
  5. ^ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch. The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right. 
  6. ^ Martin Durham. The Christian right. 
  7. ^ Peter H Merkl, Leonard Weinberg. The Revival of Right-wing Extremism in the Nineties. 
  8. ^ Roger Eatwell. Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge. 
  9. ^ Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick. BBC. 2002-03-07. 
  10. ^ A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth. 2006-09-14 [2007-10-15]. 
  11. ^ Glenn Greenwald. Who funds and runs the Politico? - Glenn Greenwald. Salon.com. 2007-05-04. 
  12. ^ Alan Wolfe, Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right, New Left Review 
  13. ^ Oscar B. Johannsen. The Radical Right. 
  14. ^ Rightwing Extremism: current economic and political climate fueling resurgence in radicalization and recruitment 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Mahony, Honor. Far-right group formed in European Parliament. EUobserver. 2007-01-09 [2007-01-10]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Traynor, Ian. Romania's first gift to the European Union - a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers. 《衛報》. 2007-01-08 [2007-01-10]. 
  17. ^ Rechtsaußenfraktion im EU-Parliament kommt. 《標準報》（Der Standard）. 2007-01-05 [2007-01-10]. （德文）
  18. ^ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 Ignazi, Piero, The Extreme Right in Europe//Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard, The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties, London: Peter Cass. 1997 
  19. ^ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 Mudde, Cas. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 2000. 
  20. ^ Far-right party shows surprising strength in Austrian vote. CNN. 199-10-03. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Europe's far right. 《衛報》. 
  22. ^ Cynthia M. Frank, The Impact of Electoral Engineering on Nationalist Parties in Post-War States [2007-02-16] 
  23. ^ The Croatian Liberation Movement. 
  24. ^ Ante Pavelic killer file. 
  25. ^ German Far Right Exploiting Reform Anger. 
  26. ^ German far right unites for polls. BBC. 
  27. ^ ENF gathers in Athens. European National Front. 
  28. ^ Far-right movement gathers strength as Greek election nears. 《衛報》.  已忽略文本“2007-09-13” (帮助)
  29. ^ Paul Tugwell Saronida. Greeks return fire-damaged conservatives. The Age. 2007-09-18. 
  30. ^ ANTHEE CARASSAVA. Greek Governing Party Wins a 2nd Term. 《紐約時報》. 2007-09-17. 
  31. ^ 2007-09-16. 《華盛頓郵報》. 
  32. ^ Return to (illiberal) diversity?:  9 
  33. ^ Informaworld - Portugal: A New Look At The Extreme Right. 
  34. ^ Political parties, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland), accessed 23 October 2009.
  35. ^ Right Wing Fascist Nationalist Xenophobic Parties Organizations. 
  36. ^ Southeast Europe Portal - Serbia: Local Elections 2004 Results. 
  37. ^ Ian Traynor. Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament. 《衛報》. 2007-05-08. 
  38. ^ Misha Savic. Milosevic ally gains key Serbian post. Boston.com. 2007-05-08. 
  39. ^ Rydgren, Jens. Radical Right-wing Populism in Sweden and Denmark. The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society. [2006-05-25]. 
  40. ^ Schweizer Demokraten vor der Auflösung. NZZ Online. 
  41. ^ =British National Party: Nasty, brutish and short-lived?. 《經濟學人》. 2004-08-05. 
  42. ^ Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right–Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford.
  43. ^ http://www.americanpatriotparty.cc
  44. ^ Police deny Shiv Sena arrest rumours. 
  45. ^ Indian MPs elect far-right speaker. 
  46. ^ Riot fears in Bombay after arrest of extremist leader. 
  47. ^ Arrest of political leader sparks protests in Mumbai. 
  48. ^ Indian police arrest head of rightwing group. 
  49. ^ Currently Listed Entities. Public Safety Canada. 2006-11-06 [2007-08-13]. 
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 Ya’ari, Ehud. Behind the Terror. Atlantic Monthly. 1987.6. "[The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion." 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Pipes, Daniel. Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 0195060229. "The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins." 
  52. ^ 52.0 52.1 Rolland, John C. Lebanon. Nova Publishers. 2003. ISBN 1590338715. "[The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika." 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 Johnson, Michael. All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. 2001. ISBN 1860647154. "Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christan past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation." 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Becker, Jillian. The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1984. ISBN 0297785478. "[The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah." 
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. 1966. 
  56. ^ Simon, Reeva S. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan Reference USA. 1996. ISBN 0028960114. "The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies." 
  57. ^ Top Judge's Ouster Shakes Pakistan, Washington Post. 27 [2007-04-19]. 
  58. ^ Australia First: reclaiming the agenda. The Age. 2005-12-14. 
  59. ^ Fascist Australia. The Age. 2004-08-24. 
  60. ^ Minority group in TV hijacking. The Australian. 2007-07-14. 
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