哥倫比亞內戰
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2022年4月21日) |
哥倫比亞內戰 (1964年—) | ||||||||||
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冷戰 (1964年–1991年) 及毒品戰爭 (1991年—)的一部分 | ||||||||||
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參戰方 | ||||||||||
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支持者: | |||||||||
指揮官與領導者 | ||||||||||
哥倫比亞政府: 阿爾瓦羅·烏里韋 安德烈斯·帕斯特拉納·阿朗戈 埃內斯托·桑佩爾·皮薩諾 塞薩爾·加維里亞·特魯希略 |
哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍: Fidel Castaño † Carlos Castaño † Vicente Castaño[12] Rodrigo Tovar Pupo Salvatore Mancuso Diego Murillo |
FARC: Antonio García Francisco Galán | ||||||||
兵力 | ||||||||||
國家警察: 175,250[13] 陸軍: 237,567[13] 海軍: 33,913[13] 空軍: 14,033[13] | 準軍事後繼團體,包括黑鷹: 3,749 – 13,000[14][15][16] |
FARC: 13,980 (2016[17])[18][19][20][21][22][23] ELN: 1,380 – 3,000 (2013)[21][22][24] IRAFP: ~80 | ||||||||
傷亡與損失 | ||||||||||
士兵和警察: 2004 年以來 4,908 人死亡[13] 2004 年以來 20,001 人受傷[13] |
哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍: 2,200 人死亡, 35,000 人復員。 BACRIM: 222人死亡[13] 18506人被捕[13] |
FARC, ELN 和其他 非正規軍事團體: 11,484 人自 2004 年以來被殺[13] 26,648 人自 2002 年以來復員[25] 34,065 人自 2004 年以來被俘[13] | ||||||||
總傷亡: 218,094[26][27] 平民喪生: 177,307[26] 綁架: 27,023[26] 失蹤受害者: 25,007[26] 殺傷人員地雷的受害者: 10,189[26] 流離失所人口: 4,744,046–5,712,506[26][28] 孩童流離失所:230萬[29] 孩童喪生: 45,000[29] 孩童失蹤: 8,000 [29] |
哥倫比亞內戰是在哥倫比亞境內始於1960年代持續至今的一系列低強度不對稱戰爭。衝突在哥倫比亞執政當局,極右翼準軍事組織(如哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍和美洲反共聯盟)、販毒機構(如麥德林集團)還有極左翼游擊隊(如哥倫比亞革命武裝力量-人民軍和民族解放軍)多方之間展開,以在哥倫比亞境內控制更多地區和獲得更大影響力[30]。對哥倫比亞內戰的國際贊助者包括跨國集團公司、美國[31][32][33]古巴[34]以及販毒集團[35]。
現代
[編輯]冷戰後,由於失去蘇聯及其它前社會主義國家的支援,哥倫比亞革命武裝力量因要籌集經費,開始插足古柯鹼及綁架政客等勾當,以致形象急劇轉差,被視為恐怖主義組織。[36] 因此,哥倫比亞共產黨解除了哥倫比亞革命武裝力量與其之間的隸屬關係,哥倫比亞革命武裝力量遂成為一個獨立的政治軍事組織。2007年,哥倫比亞革命武裝力量人數約為3000-4000人。哥革武參與了哥倫比亞25-30%恐怖事件,尤其是在該國東南部的叢林以及安第斯山脈腳下的平原地區。哥倫比亞革命武裝力量曾釋放多名「有價值」人質,意圖改善形象。
2012年,在以古巴和挪威作為擔保國、以委內瑞拉和智利作為觀察國的斡旋框架下,雙方開始在古巴首都哈瓦那進行和談。2016年6月23日,雙方簽署最終停火協議,8月24日哥倫比亞政府與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量在古巴首都哈瓦那達成最終全面和平協議,協議包括停戰、農村改革、打擊販毒、被遣散的游擊隊員可參與政治、建立過渡性司法機構等內容,但和平協議內容的合法性最終將由全民公投決定。[37][38]但哥倫比亞前總統烏里韋認為,最初的和平協議向反政府武裝妥協過多、對受害者不公,呼籲民眾投反對票,並要求對協議進行深入修改。與先前民調結果大相逕庭,10月2日舉行的公投結果為支持 49.77%,反對 50.22%,協議意外遭到否決。[39]11月24日哥倫比亞總統胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量領導人羅德里格·隆多尼奧在波哥大的科隆劇院簽署了一份經修改的新的和平協議。而這一次,新的協議將會在國會核准,無需再進行全民表決[40]。2017年6月27日,哥倫比亞革命武裝力量停止作為武裝團體存在。9月1日,該組織正式改組為共同替代革命力量,並於10月31日向官方註冊為合法政黨。
另見
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]註解
[編輯]- ^ Why did the Colombia Peace Process Fail? (PDF). The Tabula Rasa Institute. [2006-02-26]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-07-21). [PDF file]
- ^ Livingstone, Grace. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War. Rutgers University Press. 2004: 176. ISBN 0-8135-3443-7.
- ^ Molano, Alfredo. James Graham (Translator) , 編. Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules, and Gunmen. Columbia University Press. 2004-02-18. ISBN 0-231-12915-7.
- ^ Peter, Canby. Latin America's longest war; "More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia," "Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia," "Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War," "Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules and Gunmen," "Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza in Colombia"; Book Review. The Nation. 2004-08-16, 279 (5): 31 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2006-10-20).
- ^ Stokes, Doug. America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Canadian Dimension. 2005-07-01, 39 (4): 26 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-09).
- ^ Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.
- ^ Dudley, Steven; January. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia. Routledge. 2004. ISBN 0-415-93303-X.
- ^ Corbyn, Jeremy. Supporting terror; Jeremy Corbyn MP explains the reasons why Britain should be staying well clear of Colombian President Uribe Velez's regime. Morning Star. 2003-07-02: 7 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2006-05-31).
- ^ Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)
- ^ Livingstone, p. 5;
Pearce, Jenny. 1st , 編. Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth. London: Latin America Bureau. 1990-05-01: 287. ISBN 0-906156-44-0. - ^ Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx
- ^ LeGrand, Catherine C. The Colombian crisis in historical perspective (Record in progress). Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies. June 2003, 28 (55/5): 165–209 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2006-05-31).
- ^ Economic Indicators Real Sector, 1999–2004. Latin Focus. [2006-05-31]. (原始內容存檔於2006-06-19).
- ^ Legrand, p. 165. See Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.
- ^ Legrand, p. 165. See Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)", Notes.
- ^ Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14, 2002)", see Notes.
- ^ Colombia’s Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. [2006-02-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-06-29). [PDF file]
- ^ Colombia’s Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. [2006-02-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-06-29). [PDF file]
James, Preston Everett. Latin America (4th edition). The Odyssey Press. 1969: 426. - ^ The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. [2006-02-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-29). [PDF file]
- ^ Livingstone, p. 5; Author Unknown. Bergquist, Charles , 編. Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace. SR Books. February 2001: 13. ISBN 0-8420-2869-2.
- ^ Livingstone, p. 110.
- ^ Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila.
- ^ Livingstone, p. 5
- ^ Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31
Colombia. infoplease.com. [2006-02-26]. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-17). - ^ Livingstone, p. 6; Amnistía Internacional Colombia Seguridad, ¿a qué precio? La falta de voluntad del gobierno para hacer frente a la crisis de derechos humanos. Amnesty Internacional (Amnesty International). December 2002 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-07).
- ^ Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; Arocha, Jaime. Evolución reciente del conflicto armado en Colombia: La Guerrilla in Las violencias: inclusión creciente 1998. Bogata: CES. 1998: 35–65. ISBN 958-96259-5-9.
- ^ Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; Author Unknown. Country report on Human Rights in Colombia. US State Department. 2000: 1 (mimeograph).
- ^ Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS); Richani, Nazih. Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia. State University of New York Press. 2002-04-01. ISBN 0-7914-5345-6.
- ^ Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87
- ^ Livingstone, p. 7
來源
[編輯]- ^ British intelligence members sent to Colombia after IRA suspects arrested. The Irish News. The irish News. 2016-09-17 [2017-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-20).
- ^ Los Paisas. insightcrime.org. [2014-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2014-08-29).
- ^ Erpac, dolor de cabeza de Uribe. ElEspectador (in Spanish). [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-28).
- ^ Venezuela's relations with terrorism and FARC exposed. Infovenezuela.org. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-17).
- ^ Martinez, Michael. Study: Colombian rebels were willing to kill for Venezuela's Chavez. CNN. 2011-05-10 [2014-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2014-05-08).
- ^ Colombia: Chavez funding FARC rebels. USA Today. 2008-03-04 [2014-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2014-05-08).
- ^ Padgett, Tim. Chávez and the Cash-Filled Suitcase. TIME. 2008-09-03 [2014-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-18).
- ^ «Белорусский след» в поставках оружия колумбийским боевикам подтверждает Интерпол (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) — Naviny.by, 16 мая 2008
- ^ Венесуэла собиралась поставлять колумбийским повстанцам белорусское оружие[失效連結] — Комсомольская правда, 4 февраля 2015
- ^ Timeline: Colombia's war with the FARC. 2012-11-13.
- ^ Bargent, James. The FARC 1964-2002: From Ragged Rebellion to Military Machine. [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-27).
- ^ Vicente Castaño, muerto. Cambio. [2012-09-18]. (原始內容存檔於2012-02-27).
- ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 Military Personnel, 2013 (PDF). mindefensa.gov.co. [2014-03-22]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-01-20) (西班牙語).
- ^ New armed drug-trafficking groups menace Colombia. BBC News. 2010-09-12 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09).
- ^ Human Rights Watch, "World Report 2011: Colombia (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)", World Report 2011, January 2011
- ^ 10,000 demobilized fighters rearm – Colombia news. Colombia Reports. 2010-09-14 [2011-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2010-09-17).
- ^ Las Farc tendrían 13.980 miembros. [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-13).
- ^ A las Farc la conforman unas 13.892 personas armadas y colaboradores. [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-21).
- ^ Colombian soldiers die in clashes. BBC News. 2013-07-21 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ To the edge and back again. The Economist. 2013-08-31 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-31).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas. eltiempo.com. [2013-09-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-23) (西班牙語).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Colombia army claims guerrillas have lost 5000 fighters in past 2 years. colombiareports.co. [2013-09-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-14).
- ^ Comandantes de Fuerza presentaron resultados operacionales de los últimos 2 años. mindefensa.gov.co. [2013-09-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-05) (西班牙語).
- ^ Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police. Reuters. 2013-10-18 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-24).
- ^ Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas. eltiempo.com. [2013-09-26]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-23) (西班牙語).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
estadisticas
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Georgetown Welcomes Colombia’s Ex-Pres. Uribe. Georgetown University. [2010-10-02]. (原始內容存檔於2010-11-13).
- ^ Silva, Gustavo. The price of Colombia's drug war. Colombia Reports. [2011-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2012-02-21).
- ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Multi-Generation War
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ *War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group. Crisisgroup.org. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-20).
- 'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York. Foreign Policy. 2013-07-10 [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-18).
- Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report. Insightcrime.org. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-22).
- Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt. Colombia News – Colombia Reports. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-02-23).
- armed conflict Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports. Colombia News – Colombia Reports. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-01).
- peace talks Archives – Colombia News – Colombia Reports. Colombia News – Colombia Reports. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-16).
- The Colombian "War on Drugs", A Family Affair – SHOAH. Shoah.org. [2014-10-14]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-01).
- ^ Historical Commission on the Conflict and Its Victims (CHCV). Contribution to an Understanding of the Armed Conflict in Colombia (PDF). February 2015 [2017-03-26]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-01-21) (西班牙語).
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
colombia-and-us-54
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
International actors
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Cuba's Renewed Support for Violence in Latin America (PDF). United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1981-12-14 [2020-04-01]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-11-03).
- ^ 存档副本. [2020-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-09).
- ^ BBC新聞,《Colombia's most powerful rebels》 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),2003年9月19日發表,於2008年1月10日查閱。
- ^ Brodinsky, Sybilla; Watts, Jonathan. Colombia and Farc rebels sign historic ceasefire deal to end 50-year conflict. The Guardian. 2016-06-23 [2016-06-23]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-24).
- ^ 结束50年内战 哥伦比亚宣布全面和平协议. BBC. 2016-08-25 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-12).
- ^ 哥伦比亚全民公投未通过和平协议. 新華社. 2016-10-03 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-05).
- ^ 陳正健. 不再交付公投 哥國政府與叛軍重簽和平協議. 自由時報. 2016-11-26 [2016-11-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-12).
延伸閱讀
[編輯]書
[編輯]英文
[編輯]- Stokes, Doug; Noam Chomsky (Foreword). America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84277-547-2.
- Cuellar, Francisco Ramírez; Aviva Chomsky. The Profits of Extermination. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56751-322-0.
- Aviva Chomsky. Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class. Duke University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8223-4190-1.
- Bushnell, David. The Making of Modern Colombia, a Nation in spite of itself. University of California Press. 1993. ISBN 0-520-08289-3.
- Dudley, Steven. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia. Routledge. January 2004. ISBN 0-415-93303-X.
- Kirk, Robin. More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia. PublicAffairs. January 2003. ISBN 1-58648-104-5.
- Ruiz, Bert. The Colombian Civil War. McFarland & Company. 2001-10-01. ISBN 0-7864-1084-1.
- Safford, Frank and Marco Palacios. Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society. Oxford University Press. 2001-07-01. ISBN 0-19-504617-X.
- Taussig, Michael. Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza. New Press. 2003-11-01. ISBN 1-56584-863-2.
其他語言
[編輯]- Murillo, Mario and Jesus Rey Avirama. Colombia and the United States: War, Terrorism and Destabilization. Seven Stories Press. 2003-09-01. ISBN 1-58322-606-0.
- Palacios, Marco. Entre la legitimidad y la violencia: Colombia 1875–1994. Norma. 1995 (西班牙語).
- Pardo Rueda, Rafael. La historia de las guerras. Ediciones B-Vergara. 2004. ISBN 958-97405-5-3 (西班牙語).
- Hennecke, Angelika. Zwischen Faszination und Gewalt : Kolumbien—unser gemeinsamer Nenner : Reflexionen über das Verhältnis zwischen kultureller Identität, Kommunikation und Medien anhand der diskursanalytischen Untersuchung einer kolumbianischen Werbekampagne. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2006. ISBN 3-631-54930-X (德語).
- Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo. Las Farc: de la autodefensa a la combinación de todas las formas de lucha. Universidad Nacional. 1991.
- Tirado Mejía, Alvaro (編). Nueva historia de Colombia. Planeta. 1989.
期刊文獻
[編輯]- Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." History Compass (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
- Cirlig, Carmen-Cristina. Colombia: new momentum for peace? (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. [2013-07-15]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-11-08).
- Azcarate, Camilo A. Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia. Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. March 1999 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2003-01-06).
- James Petras. Neglected Dimensions of Violence. Economic and Political Weekly. 1988-07-02, 23 (27): 1367. JSTOR 4378701.
- Elizabeth F. Schwartz. Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. Winter 1995–1996, 27 (2): 381–420.
- John Lindsay-Poland. Retreat to Colombia: The Pentagon Adapts Its Latin America Strategy. NACLA Report on the Americas. January–February 2010.
政府及非政府組織報告
[編輯]- Colombia. Human Rights Watch. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2006-02-23).
- Information about the combatants. Center for International Policy. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-23).
- Solutions to Escape the Conflict's Impasse. National Human Development Report 2003. [2006-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2004-08-03). Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict
- Colombia 2005 Report. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-01). (Spanish and English)
- The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict (PDF). International Crisis Group. [2014-12-11]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-12-13). (Spanish and English)
- Squaring Colombia's Circle: The Objectives of Punishment and the Pursuit of Peace. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-28).
- From Principles to Practice: Challenges of Implementing Reparations for Massive Violations in Colombia. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-27).
- Political Crime, Amnesties and Pardons: Scope and Challenges. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-23).
新聞
[編輯]- Constanza Vieira. 'Let's talk about the disappeared'. Inter Press Service. 2010-07-16 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2010-07-18).
- Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War. Democracy Now!. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2006-02-23). Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in and via streaming real audio[永久失效連結], 128k streaming Real Video[永久失效連結] or MP3 download.
- The Colombian Miracle(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
外部連結
[編輯]- Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process
- Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
- Colombia Page on InSight Crime. [2011-03-29]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-26). (Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)
- Evolution of the Colombian Civil War. Paul Wolf. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2006-02-03). (collection of declassified U.S. documents online)
- Michael Evans (編). War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S.-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69. National Security Archive. 2002-05-03 [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-17).
- America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. [2006-02-25]. (原始內容存檔於2009-10-25).
- Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight
- Rule of Law in Armed Conflict: Colombia. RULAC Project. [2009-03-23]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-06).
- Q&A: Colombia's civil conflict. BBC. 2009-12-23 [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2009-12-24).
- Colombia Program. Center for International Policy. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2008-02-12).
- Accord issue on Colombia's peace process. Alternatives to war. [2006-11-18]. (原始內容存檔於2006-11-17). (In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)
- CERAC. Conflict Analysis Resources Center. [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2007-07-04). Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict (In Spanish and English)
- Colombian Army website. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2007-09-27). (In Spanish and English)
- Colombian President's Office. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2008-11-18). (In Spanish and English)
- Background Note: Colombia. U.S. Department of State. [2006-02-11]. (原始內容存檔於2012-05-04).
- Different Views of Colombian Territory. [2006-02-24].[失效連結] Maps of the conflict.
- AUC Official Website. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2005-10-16). (in Spanish)
- FARC website. [2008-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2008-07-05). (in Spanish and English) – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)
- Colombia – Insurgency. Global Security. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-21).
- Civil War? The Language of Conflict in Colombia (PDF). Ideas for Peace Foundation. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-02-17). (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?
- The Peace Village San José Must Live. SOS San Jose. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2006-01-12). (in German and English)
- Washington Office on Latin America. [2006-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-16).
- Who Shot My Brother?. National Film Board of Canada. [2006]. (原始內容存檔於2007-05-24).
- Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the US War of Terror in Colombia. Bristol University Politics Department. [2006-02-27]. (原始內容存檔於2005-10-01). by Doug Stokes
- Red Resistencia(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Insight on Conflict. Colombia Peacebuilding database. [2017-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-01).
- Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from Reuters AlertNet