察合台語：修订间差异

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = 察合台语
| name = 察合台语
| nativename = چغتای<br/>Čaġatāy
| familycolor = 阿尔泰语系
| familycolor = 阿尔泰语系
| region = [[中亚]]、[[大呼罗珊|呼罗珊]]
| region = [[中亚]]、[[大呼罗珊|呼罗珊]]
| extinct = 1920年代
| era = 15世纪到1920年代
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[突厥語系]]
| fam1 = [[突厥語系]]
| fam2 = [[葛邏祿語支]]
| fam2 = [[共通突厥语]]
| fam3 = [[葛邏祿語支]]
| ancestor = [[喀喇汗语]]
| ancestor2 = [[花剌子模语 (突厥语)|花剌子模语]]
| iso2 = chg
| iso2 = chg
| iso3 = chg
| iso3 = chg
<!-- 過時參數 | SIL = CGT -->
| glotto = chag1247
| glottorefname = Chagatai
| linglist = chg
| extinct = Around 1921
| script = [[波斯字母系统]]（[[波斯体]]）
| nation = {{plainlist|
*[[察合台汗国]]
**[[东察合台汗国]]
*[[叶尔羌汗国]]
*[[帖木儿帝国]]
*[[莫卧儿帝国]]
*[[希瓦汗国]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenoble |first1=Lenore |title=Language Policy of the Soviet Union |date=2003 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=1-4020-1298-5 |page=143}}</ref>
*[[布哈拉汗国]]
*[[浩罕汗国]]
*[[克里米亚汗国]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chaghatay-language-and-literature|quote=例如，Ebn Mohannā（Jamāl-al-Dīn， 8/14 世纪早期，可能在呼罗珊）将其描述为所有突厥语中最纯正的（Doerfer，1976，第243页），金帐汗国（Radloff，1870；库拉特；Bodrogligeti，1962）和克里米亚（库拉特）的汗国以及喀山鞑靼人（Akhmetgaleeva；Yusupov）在很多时候都用察合台语写作。|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref>
*[[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ayşe Gül Sertkaya |title=Archivum Ottomanicum |date=2002 |editor-first=György |editor-last=Hazai |volume=20 |pages=114–115 |chapter=Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı |quote=因此，我们可以说''Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı'' 是15世纪生活在征服者穆罕默德苏丹及其儿子巴耶济德-伊-维利宫殿中的一名抄写员，他用维吾尔文和阿拉伯文以及东突厥斯坦语（察合台语）书写了穆罕默德二世和巴耶济德二世寄给东突厥人的信件(''bitig'')和法令(''yarlığ'')。}}</ref>}}
| image = [[File:Chagatai in Nastaliq.png|200px]]
| imagecaption = 以[[波斯体]]写的“察合台”(چغتای)
}}
}}
'''察合台語'''，也作'''察哈台語'''、'''查加泰语'''（'''جغتای''' - ''Jaĝatāy'' {{IPA|[dʒaɣatej]}}; [[維吾爾語]]: <span style="font-family:sans-serif">چاغاتاي</span> / Chaghatay / Чағатай; [[烏茲別克語]]: <span style="font-family:sans-serif">ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي</span> / Chigʻatoy / Чиғатой），是[[中亞]]地區一種已經消亡的語言，被逐漸棄用後，仍作為[[書面語]]使用至1920年代。察合台語採用[[波斯文]]字（[[阿拉伯字母]]）。追尋其源流，實是早在10至12世紀[[喀喇汗王朝]]（黑汗）時代，喀什、和田以至中亞[[烏茲別克]]一帶已經開始使用阿拉伯字母拼寫突厥語了。是伊斯蘭化後的突厥語民族共用的文字。
'''察合台語'''，也作'''察哈台語'''、'''查加泰语'''（'''جغتای''' - ''Jaĝatāy'' {{IPA|[dʒaɣatej]}}; [[維吾爾語]]: <span style="font-family:sans-serif">چاغاتاي</span> / Chaghatay / Чағатай; [[烏茲別克語]]: <span style="font-family:sans-serif">ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي</span> / Chigʻatoy / Чиғатой），是[[中亞]]地區一種已經消亡的[[突厥语系]]語言，被逐漸棄用後，仍作為[[書面語]]使用至1920年代。察合台語採用[[波斯文]]字（[[阿拉伯字母]]）。追尋其源流，實是早在10至12世紀[[喀喇汗王朝]]（黑汗）時代，喀什、和田以至中亞[[烏茲別克]]一帶已經開始使用阿拉伯字母拼寫突厥語了。是伊斯蘭化後的突厥語民族共用的文字。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chagatai literature|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Chagatai-literature|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei_nBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+turkistan+eastern+turkistan+the+volga+region+chaghatay&pg=PA292|title=Contact Languages|page=292|isbn=9781614513711 |last1=Bakker |first1=Peter |last2=Matras |first2=Yaron |date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter }}</ref>书面察合台语是现代[[葛逻禄语支]]语言的前身，其中包括[[乌兹别克语]]和[[维吾尔语]]。<ref name="Grenoble2006">{{cite book|first=L. A.|last=Grenoble|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|date=2006-04-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-48083-6}}</ref>[[乌古斯语支]]的[[土库曼语]]虽然不属于葛逻禄语支，但数百年来深受其影响。ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaidyanath |first1=R. |title=The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republics: A Study in Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1917–1936 |date=1967 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=24}}</ref>
[[阿里希尔·纳沃伊]]是最伟大的察合台语文学家之一。<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = Robert McHenry | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | title = Navā'ī, (Mir) 'Alī Shīr | edition = 15th | year = 1993 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 8 | location = [[Chicago]] | page = 563 }}</ref>

[[File:Chengde summer palace writings.jpg |thumb|right|300px|[[承德避暑山庄]]丽正门。左起第二列是用[[波斯体]]写的察合台语，读作''Rawshan Otturādiqi Darwāza''.]]

现代[[乌兹别克斯坦]]仍在研究察合台语文学，被视为现代[[乌兹别克语]]的直系祖先、乌兹别克斯坦民族遗产的一部分。

== 词源 ==
[[察合台汗国]]（1225–1680s）的“察合台”来自[[成吉思汗]]的次子[[察合台]]。<ref name="BabakVaisman2004">{{cite book|author1=Vladimir Babak|author2=Demian Vaisman|author3=Aryeh Wasserman|title=Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|date=2004-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-77681-7|pages=343–}}</ref>许多使用这种语言的[[突厥语族群]]都声称自己是察合台汗国的政治后裔。

作为1924年[[乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国]]成立筹备工作的一部分，察合台语被更名为“古乌兹别克语”，<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdEyAQAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA179|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|publisher=Brill Academic|year=2011|isbn=978-9004201453|pages=178–179}}</ref><ref name="Newton2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JWLBQAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA232|title=Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge|author=Scott Newton|date=2014-11-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-92978-9|pages=232–}}</ref><ref name="Grenoble2006" /><ref name="Dalby1998">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb|url-access=registration|quote=Chagatai Old Uzbek official.|title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|author=Andrew Dalby|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-231-11568-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb/page/665 665]–}}</ref><ref name="Bergne2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oioBAwAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA137|title=Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic|author=Paul Bergne|date=2007-06-29|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-091-8|pages=24, 137}}</ref>Edward A. Allworth认为这“严重歪曲了该地区的文学史”，并被用于赋予[[阿里希尔·纳沃伊]]等文学家以[[乌孜别克族]]身份。<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beCoAAAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PT202|title=The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History|last=Allworth|first=Edward A.|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0817987329|pages=229–230}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPESAQAAMAAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official|title=Aramco World Magazine|publisher=Arabian American Oil Company|year=1985|page=27}}</ref>在俄国殖民资料中，也被称为“Turki”或“Sart”等。<ref name="Bergne2007" />在中国有时被称为“古[[维吾尔语]]”。<ref name="LiuSu2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kq6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA448|title=Chinese Lexical Semantics: 14th Workshop, CLSW 2013, Zhengzhou, China, May 10–12, 2013. Revised Selected Papers|author1=Pengyuan Liu|author2=Qi Su|date=2013-12-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-45185-0|pages=448–}}</ref>


==歷史==
==歷史==
[[File:Folio from an album, Mir Ali Shir Nawa I, calligrapher, Afghanistan, Herat, late 15th century AD, Chagatai Turkish text in Nastaliq script, ink, gold, color on paper, decoupage - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04236.JPG|缩略图|阿富汗赫拉特发现的15世纪晚期察合台文作品]]
[[File:Folio from an album, Mir Ali Shir Nawa I, calligrapher, Afghanistan, Herat, late 15th century AD, Chagatai Turkish text in Nastaliq script, ink, gold, color on paper, decoupage - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04236.JPG|缩略图|阿富汗赫拉特发现的15世纪晚期察合台文作品]]

20世纪的察合台研究受民族主义偏见的影响。前察合台地区的独立共和国一直称察合台语是自己语言的祖先。因此，古乌兹别克语、古维吾尔语、[[古鞑靼语]]、古土库曼语及16世纪[[阿塞拜疆语]]中受察合台语影响的层次被分开研究。察合台语本身的某些特点常被忽视，例如从[[波斯语]]发展来的复杂句法。

察合台語是一種突厥語，屬突厥語東南部方言，普遍通行於中亞前[[蒙古帝國]]的[[察合台汗國]]領土，曾經與[[欽察語]]一樣是中亞商旅之間的通用語言。隨著地區勢力的分化，後來發展成各種方言。當中，[[維吾爾語]]及[[烏茲別克語]]都脫胎自察合台語。後來當俄羅斯控制了中亞地區之後，由於大量俄語人口遷入，使察合台語人口愈來愈少，並在前[[蘇聯]]時間消亡。
察合台語是一種突厥語，屬突厥語東南部方言，普遍通行於中亞前[[蒙古帝國]]的[[察合台汗國]]領土，曾經與[[欽察語]]一樣是中亞商旅之間的通用語言。隨著地區勢力的分化，後來發展成各種方言。當中，[[維吾爾語]]及[[烏茲別克語]]都脫胎自察合台語。後來當俄羅斯控制了中亞地區之後，由於大量俄語人口遷入，使察合台語人口愈來愈少，並在前[[蘇聯]]時間消亡。


察合台文一般指15世紀─20世紀初中亞等地[[突厥語]]諸民族使用的書面語，古察合台文指15世紀─16世紀[[維吾爾]]、[[烏茲別克]]等族文人使用的突厥伊斯蘭文學語言。最著名的是[[阿里希爾·納沃伊]]《[[五卷詩]]》：「正人之憂」、「蕾莉與馬傑農」、「亞塞拜然的希琳公主」、「七星美圖」、「希臘化的伊斯坎達城堡」，他是使用察合台語的大詩人。各國學者對其使用時期與範圍尚無一致看法。中國維吾爾、[[哈薩克]]、[[柯爾克孜]]、烏茲別克、[[塔塔爾]]等族到20世紀初仍用為書面語。察合台文以[[阿拉伯字母]]為基礎，有[[輔助符號]]。
察合台文一般指15世紀─20世紀初中亞等地[[突厥語]]諸民族使用的書面語<ref name="Grenoble2006"/>{{rp|143}}，古察合台文指15世紀─16世紀[[維吾爾]]、[[烏茲別克]]等族文人使用的突厥伊斯蘭文學語言。最著名的是[[阿里希爾·納沃伊]]《[[五卷詩]]》：「正人之憂」、「蕾莉與馬傑農」、「亞塞拜然的希琳公主」、「七星美圖」、「希臘化的伊斯坎達城堡」，他是使用察合台語的大詩人。各國學者對其使用時期與範圍尚無一致看法。中國維吾爾、[[哈薩克]]、[[柯爾克孜]]、烏茲別克、[[塔塔爾]]等族到20世紀初仍用為書面語。察合台文以[[阿拉伯字母]]為基礎，有[[輔助符號]]。

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü将察合台语的演变分为以下阶段：<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|publisher=Indiana University Publications|encyclopedia=Uralic and Altaic Series|editor=Thomas A. Sebeok|volume=60|section=Chagatay Manual|author=János Eckmann|page=7|year=1966}}</ref>
# 早期察合台语（13-14世纪）
# 前古典察合台语（15世纪上半叶）
# 古典察合台语（15世纪下半叶）
# 古典察合台语的延续（16世纪）
#衰落（17-19世纪）

第一阶段是个过渡阶段，其特点是保留了古老的形式；第二阶段始于[[阿里希尔·纳沃伊]]的第一部诗集的出版，代表了察合台语文学的顶峰。{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==对后世突厥语的影响==
从察合台语演变来的两种现代语言——[[乌兹别克语]]和[[维吾尔语]]与之距离最相近。乌兹别克人将察合台语视为语言的直系祖先，将文学视作本民族文化的一部分。1921年，[[乌兹别克斯坦]]最初打算将察合台语作为[[乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国]]的官方语言，但它显然太古老，于是被基于乌兹别克语方言的新书面语取代了。

根据《[[民族语]]》的记录，[[阿富汗]]曾用“察合台”描述[[土库曼语]]的Tekke方言。<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkmen language |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tuk |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>直到18世纪末，察合台语都仍是中亚大部的主要书面语。<ref name="Clark, Larry p. 318">Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. p. 318. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division, 1997</ref>虽然察合台语对土库曼语有一定影响，但它们属于突厥语洗的不同分支。

==文学==


==察合台文學中的多元文化==
===多元文化===
===波斯化希臘文化===
====波斯化希臘文化====
*「[[亞歷山大遠征記]]」 Iskandar Namá
*「[[亞歷山大遠征記]]」 Iskandar Namá
*「[[大流士]]傳」
*「[[大流士]]傳」
*「[[亞爾斯蘭]]汗王傳」
*「[[亞爾斯蘭]]汗王傳」
===伊朗文化與蘇菲文學影響===
====伊朗文化與蘇菲文學影響====
*內扎米《五卷詩》Xámsá
*內扎米《五卷詩》Xámsá
*納沃伊《雙言辨》Muhakimátul Luýátájin
*納沃伊《雙言辨》Muhakimátul Luýátájin
===印度文化文學影響===
====印度文化文學影響====
* 《卡力萊與迪木乃》Kálilá Wá Dáminá
* 《卡力萊與迪木乃》Kálilá Wá Dáminá
*《[[巴布爾]]回憶錄》Babur Namá
*《[[巴布爾]]回憶錄》Babur Namá
===蒙古與俄羅斯文化===
====蒙古與俄羅斯文化====
*「[[鐵木真]]傳奇」
*「[[鐵木真]]傳奇」
*「[[帖木兒]]武功記」
*「[[帖木兒]]武功記」
*「東正教故事」也包括征服者系列《[[伊戈爾遠征記]]》
*「東正教故事」也包括征服者系列《[[伊戈爾遠征記]]》
===漢文化===
====漢文化====
*「喀喇汗與中國愛情故事」包括阿拉伯故事「[[阿拉丁]]」與同時受波斯與蒙元帝國影響的意大利歌劇《[[杜蘭朵公主]]》Turan-dokht波斯語「圖蘭公主」
*「喀喇汗與中國愛情故事」包括阿拉伯故事「[[阿拉丁]]」與同時受波斯與蒙元帝國影響的意大利歌劇《[[杜蘭朵公主]]》Turan-dokht波斯語「圖蘭公主」


===15、16世纪===
==語音與轉寫概說==

～捷克轉寫為主/基里爾轉寫為輔(土耳其字母為註)［國際音標定案］
最著名的察合台诗人[[阿里希尔·纳沃伊]]撰写了《两种语言的比较》（Muhakamat al-Lughatayn）对察合台语和波斯语进行了详细比较，论证了前者在文学方面的优越性。察合台语有时称为“纳沃伊的语言”，他的名气可见一斑。在散文作品中，[[帖木儿]]传、[[莫卧儿帝国]]建立者[[巴布尔]]的《[[巴布尔回忆录]]》都是用察合台语写的。[[卡姆兰·米尔扎]]的一首[https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_8630 诗]有波斯语和察合台语两版，[[白拉姆汗]]的一首[https://archive.org/details/ThePersianAndTurkishDivansOfBayramKhan 诗]也由察合台语写成。
*九元音：a, á[ε], e, í (ı), i, o, u, ó(ö), ú (ü).

*輔音系統：b/б, p/п, v/в, w, č/ч(ç), d/д, t/т, g/г, k/к, x, l/л, m/м, n/н, ň[ŋ], r/р, s/с, š/ш(ş), j/й(у), z/з, ž/ж, h, ý/γ(ğ), ř/Дж(j)[dʒ], f/ф.
下面是16世纪察合台文学的典型例子，巴布尔在一篇ruba'i中使用了察合台语。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balabanlilar |first1=Lisa |title=Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire. Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-857-72081-8 |pages=42–43}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
{{lang|chg|Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim,
Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim
Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa,
Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim}}</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
我已成为伊斯兰的沙漠流浪者、
与异教徒和印度教徒并肩作战
我已准备好成为一名烈士、
感谢真主，我已成为一名加齐。</poem>
{{col-end}}
[[穆罕默德·昔班尼]]汗在征服[[大呼罗珊]]后不久，于1507年用察合台语写了一篇名为《Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni》的散文，并传给儿子穆罕默德·帖木儿。{{ref|手稿存于伊斯坦布尔}}<ref>Bodrogligeti A.J.E. Muḥammad Shaybānī Khan’s Apology to the Muslim Clergy // Archivum Ottomanicum. 1994a. Vol. 13. (1993/1994), р.98</ref>哲学、宗教学著作《Bahr ul-Khuda》（1508）手稿现藏于伦敦。<ref>A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, "Muhammad Shaybanî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay", Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4</ref>
Ötemish Hajji在[[花剌子模]]撰写了一部名为《Tarikh-i Dost Sultan》的史书。

===17、18世纪===
就文学创作而言，17、18世纪可以算是衰落时期，察合台语的地位被波斯语取代。重要的察合台语著作有[[阿布勒哈兹·巴哈杜尔]]的《[[土库曼世系]]》和《突厥世系》。他出于功能方面的考虑，表示“我没有使用一个察合台语、波斯语或阿拉伯语单词”中描述了对语言与风格的权衡：让尽量多的读者理解，而不使用过于华丽的文体，特别是韵文。到18世纪下半叶，[[土库曼人|土库曼]]诗人马赫图姆库里·弗拉基（Magtymguly Pyragy）也将古典察合台语作为一种书面语引入土库曼文学，并融入了许多[[土库曼语]]特点。<ref name="Clark, Larry p. 318"/>

[[布哈拉汗国]][[苏布罕·库里]]（1680–1702）用中亚突厥语（察合台语）撰写了医学著作《苏布罕·库里的医学复兴》（Ihya at-tibb Subhani），专于疾病的描述、识别与治疗。其中一份手稿存于[[布达佩斯]]图书馆。<ref>A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. Edited, Translated and Annotated by László KÁROLY. Brill’s Inner Asian Library. Volume 32. Editors: Michael DROMPP; Devin DEWEESE; Mark C. ELLIOTT. Leiden. 2015</ref>

===19、20世纪===
19世纪著名的[[希瓦汗国]]文学家有Shermuhammad Munis和侄子Muhammad Riza Agahi。<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/Uzbek-literature]; Qahhar, Tahir, and William Dirks. “Uzbek Literature.” World Literature Today, vol. 70, no. 3, 1996, pp. 611–618. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40042097.</ref>[[穆罕默德·拉希姆二世]]也著有一些[[加扎勒]]。[[穆萨·赛拉米]]的《Tārīkh-i amniyya》（1903）及修订版《Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi》（1908）是关于[[陕甘回乱]]的最佳资料来源。<ref name=pref>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XX/1900-1920/Sairami/pred.htm МОЛЛА МУСА САЙРАМИ: ТА'РИХ-И АМНИЙА] (Mulla Musa Sayrami's ''Tarikh-i amniyya'': Preface)], in: "Материалы по истории казахских ханств XV–XVIII веков (Извлечения из персидских и тюркских сочинений)" (''Materials for the history of the Kazakh Khanates of the 15–18th&nbsp;cc. (Extracts from Persian and Turkic literary works)''), [[Almaty|Alma Ata]], Nauka Publishers, 1969. {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Kim Ho-dong|first=Ho-dong|last=Kim|publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2004|isbn=0-8047-4884-5|title=Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC|page=xvi}}</ref>


==代表性文献==
==代表性文献==
第143行： 第219行：
#Miň Bir Káčá天方夜譚
#Miň Bir Káčá天方夜譚


== 參考文獻 ==
== 正字法 ==
察合台语是一种书面语，使用[[波斯字母系统]]中的一种变体书写，称作Kona Yëziq（“旧字体”）。[[哈萨克字母]]、[[柯尔克孜语字母]]、[[维吾尔语文字]]和[[乌兹别克语字母]]都来自这种字体。
{{refbegin|2}}

* Eckmann, János, ''Chagatay Manual''. (Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series ; 60). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1966. Reprinted edition, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-7007-0860-X}}, or {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0860-4}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
*Bodrogligeti, András J. E., ''A Grammar of Chagatay''. (Languages of the World: Materials ; 155). München: LINCOM Europa, 2001. (Repr. 2007), {{ISBN|3-89586-563-X}}.
! 独立 !! 尾部 !! 中部 !! 首部 !! 乌兹别克字母名
* Pavet de Courteille, Abel, ''Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes (Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages)''. Paris, 1870. Reprinted edition, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972, {{ISBN|90-6022113-3}}.
!乌兹别克拉丁转写
* Erkinov A. “Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th-18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)”. ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies''. C.H.Woo (ed.). vol.12, 2008, pp.&nbsp;57–82 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060828/http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/12/3.PDF].
!哈萨克
{{refend}}
!柯尔克孜
!维吾尔
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺀ|| colspan="3" | — || Hamza
|'
|∅/й
|∅/й
|ئ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺍ|| colspan="2" | ﺎ|| ﺍ|| alif
|А а, О о
|А а/Ә ә
|А а
|ئا
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺏ|| ﺐ|| ﺒ|| ﺑ|| be
|B b
|Б б
|Б б
|ﺏ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﭖ|| ﭗ|| ﭙ|| ﭘ|| pe
|P p
|П п
|П п
|ﭖ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺕ|| ﺖ|| ﺘ|| ﺗ|| te
|T t
|Т т
|Т т
|ﺕ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺙ|| ﺚ|| ﺜ|| ﺛ|| se
|S s
|С с
|С с
|س
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺝ|| ﺞ|| ﺠ|| ﺟ|| jim
|J j
|Ж ж
|Ж ж
|ﺝ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﭺ|| ﭻ|| ﭽ|| ﭼ|| chim
|Ch ch
|Ш ш
|Ч ч
|ﭺ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺡ|| ﺢ|| ﺤ|| ﺣ|| hoy-i hutti
|H h
|х, ∅
|х, ∅
|ھ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺥ|| ﺦ|| ﺨ|| ﺧ|| xe
|X x
|Қ қ
(Х х)
|К к
(Х х)
|ﺥ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺩ|| colspan="2" | ﺪ|| ﺩ|| dol
|D d
|Д д
|Д д
|ﺩ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺫ|| colspan="2" | ﺬ|| ﺫ|| zol
|Z z
|З з
|З з
|ﺯ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺭ|| colspan="2" | ﺮ|| ﺭ|| re
|R r
|Р р
|Р р
|ﺭ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺯ|| colspan="2" | ﺰ|| ﺯ|| ze
|Z z
|З з
|З з
|ﺯ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﮊ|| colspan="2" | ﮋ|| ﮊ|| je (zhe)
|J j
|Ж ж
|Ж ж
|ﮊ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺱ|| ﺲ|| ﺴ|| ﺳ|| sin
|S s
|С с
|С с
|ﺱ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺵ|| ﺶ|| ﺸ|| ﺷ|| shin
|Sh sh
|С с
(Ш ш)
|Ш ш
|ﺵ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺹ|| ﺺ|| ﺼ|| ﺻ|| sod
|S s
|С с
|С с
|س
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﺽ|| ﺾ|| ﻀ|| ﺿ|| dod
|Z z
|З з
|З з
|ز
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻁ|| ﻂ|| ﻄ|| ﻃ|| to (itqi)
|T t
|Т т
|Т т
|ت
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻅ|| ﻆ|| ﻈ|| ﻇ|| zo (izgʻi)
|Z z
|З з
|З з
|ز
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻉ|| ﻊ|| ﻌ|| ﻋ|| ayn
|'
|∅ (Ғ ғ)
|∅
|ئ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻍ|| ﻎ|| ﻐ|| ﻏ|| ğayn
|Gʻ gʻ
|Ғ ғ
|Г г
|ﻍ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻑ|| ﻒ|| ﻔ|| ﻓ|| fe
|F f
|П п
(Ф ф)
|П п/Б*
(Ф ф)
|ﻑ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻕ|| ﻖ|| ﻘ|| ﻗ|| qof
|Q q
|Қ қ
|К к
|ﻕ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ک|| ک|| ﻜ|| ﻛ|| kof
|K k
|К к
|Кь кь
|ك
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﮒ|| ﮓ|| ﮕ|| ﮔ|| gof
|G g
|Г г
|Гь гь
|ﮒ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | نگ/ݣ|| ـنگ/ـݣ|| ـنگـ/ـݣـ|| نگـ/ݣـ|| nungof
|Ng ng
|Ң ң
|Ң ң
|ڭ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻝ|| ﻞ|| ﻠ|| ﻟ|| lam
|L l
|Л л
|Л л
|ﻝ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻡ|| ﻢ|| ﻤ|| ﻣ|| mim
|M m
|М м
|М м
|ﻡ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻥ|| ﻦ|| ﻨ|| ﻧ|| nun
|N n
|Н н
|Н н
|ﻥ
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻭ|| colspan="2" | ﻮ|| ﻭ|| vav
|V v
U u,

Oʻ oʻ
|У у
Үү/Ұұ,

Өө/Оо
|_б_
Үү/Уу,

Өө/Оо
|ۋ
ئۈ/ئۇ، ئۆ/ئو
|-
| style="font-size:150%" | ﻩ|| ﻪ|| ﻬ|| ﻫ|| hoy-i havvaz
|H h
A a
|∅/й (h)
е/а
|∅/й
э/а
|ھ
ئە/ئا
|-
|ﻯ
|ﻰ
|ﻴ
|ﻳ
|ye
|Y y
Е e, I i
|Йй, Ии
Іі/Ыы,

Ее
|Йй
Ии/Ыы,

Ээ/Ее
|ي
ئى، ئې
|}

===注释===
ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء 等字母仅用于借词，不代表任何额外音素。

对于哈萨克语和柯尔克孜语，括号中的是从塔塔尔语和俄语借用的现代发音，与哈萨克语和柯尔克孜语的历史处理不一致。

===影响===
很多突厥语正字法都以Kona Yëziq为基础，如南[[阿塞拜疆语]]、[[卡什加语]]、[[恰哈马哈勒语]]、[[呼罗珊突厥语]]、[[传统维文]]、[[艾努语]]和[[哈拉吉语]]等。<br/>几乎所有其他突厥语都有使用Kona Yëziq的历史，但由于土耳其和[[苏联]]进行的文字改革，其中许多现在都使用[[拉丁字母]]或[[西里尔字母]]书写。

[[清朝]]委托编写的主要语言词典中包括察合台语，如《[[御制五体清文鉴]]》。

== 语法 ==
=== 语序 ===
The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in the order of emphasis put on them.

=== 元辅音和谐 ===
Like other [[Turkic languages]], Chagatai has [[vowel harmony]] (though [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn’t). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon [[vowel backness]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Back vowels
|[[a]]
|[[u]]
|[[o]]
|rowspan=2|[[i]], [[e]]
|-
!Front vowels
|[[ä]]
|[[ü]]
|[[ö]]
|}

The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in [[inflection]]:
1. [i] and [e] almost always follow the front vowel inflections.
2. If the stem contains [q] or [ǧ], which are formed in the back of the mouth, then the stem is more likely to sound “back,” so you would choose the back vowels.

These affect the suffixes that are applied to words.

[[Consonant harmony]] is relatively less common and only appears in a few suffixes such as the genitive.

=== 数 ===
Plural is formed by adding the suffix -لار (-lar/lär). There are two pronunciations which exist due vowel harmony rules. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front syllable ([a], [o], [u]) -lar is used. If the vowel is a back vowel ([ä], [ö], [ü]) or [i] and [e], -lär is used. In rare circumstances -lar is sometimes written as -لر, though generally the suffix -لار is used for both the pronounciations /-lär/ and /-lar/. Or in the case of Kazakh and Kyrgyz /-ler/ and /-lar/.

=== 格 ===
Chagatai has six different cases. The nominative and sometimes the accusative does not have any special making.

{|class="wikitable"
!
!Affix
!{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتون|otun|firewood}}
!{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينك |inäk|cow}}
!Notes
|-
![[Nominative case|Nominative]]
| -
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتون|otun|A/The firewood...}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينك|inäk|A/The cow...}}
| Nominative is unmarked and usually comes first in a sentence.
|-
![[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|-نينک|-niŋ|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتوننينک|otun'''niŋ'''|...a/the firewood’s...}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينكنينک|inäk'''niŋ'''|...a/the cow’s...}}
|The possessed object must be inflected with third person possessive pronouns ‘ى/سى’ (si/i).
|-
![[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|-نى|-ni|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتوننى|otun'''ni'''|...the firewood.}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينكنى|inäk'''ni'''|...the cow.}}
|Accusative case only takes effect in the case that the direct object is “definite”. So ‘a road’ is <yol> but ‘the road’ is <yolni>.
|-
![[Dative case|Dative]]
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|-غه/كه|-ka/ǧa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتونغه|otun'''ǧa'''|...to the firewood...}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينككه|inäk'''ka'''|...to the cow...}}
|To be noted is that the ending varies from word to word due to [[consonant harmony]], which changes may be included in writing or not, so <inäk> + <ǧa> = <inäkka> but may be written as <inäkǧa>. [[Vowel harmony]] is taken into effect if the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel the suffix attains pronunciation of -ä instead of -a.
|-
![[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|-دين|-din|c2=(/dan/dän)|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتوندين|otun'''din'''|...from the firewood...}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينكدين/اينكتين|inäk'''din'''/inäk'''tin'''|...from the cow...}}
|The case marking for ablative is occasionally rendered as -دهن or -دان (dan/dän), and can become -تين (tin) before a voiceless consonants.
|-
![[Locative case|Locative]]
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|-ده|-da/dä|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اوتونده|otun'''da'''|...in/on the firewood...}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ar|اينكده|inäk'''dä'''|...in/on the cow...}}
|Like the dative the locative works through [[vowel harmony]]; of the vowel of the final syllable is a front syllable the suffix turns to -dä.
|}

=== 代词 ===
==== 人称代词 ====
There are seven Chagatai [[personal pronouns]], as there are formal and informal forms of the second person singular form. Unlike other languages these pronouns do not differ between genders. Each of these pronouns have [[suffix]]es added to end of [[verbs]] as conjugation.

{|class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Number
!Singular
!Conjugational suffix
!Plural
!Conjugational suffix
|-
!First person
|{{lang|ar|من}} '' män''||{{lang|ar|-من}} '' -män''||{{lang|ar|بيز}} '' biz''|| {{lang|ar|-ميز}} '' -miz''
|-
!rowspan=2|Second person
|{{lang|ar|سيز}} '' siz'' [informal]||{{lang|ar|-سيز}} '' -siz'' ||rowspan=2|{{lang|ar|سيزلار}} '' sizlär''||rowspan=2|{{lang|ar|-سيزلار}} '' -sizlär''
|-
|{{lang|ar|سن}} '' sän'' [formal]||{{lang|ar|سن}} '' -sän''
|-
!Third person
|{{lang|ar|او/اول}} '' ul/u''||-||{{lang|ar|اولار}} '' ular''||{{lang|ar|-لار}} '' -lar''
|}

== 发音 ==
Below are some punctuation marks associated with Chagatai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chaghatay manuscripts transcription handbook|url=https://uyghur.ittc.ku.edu/manuals/ManuscriptsTranscription.xhtml#Paleography|access-date=2021-11-13|website=uyghur.ittc.ku.edu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Symbol/
Graphemes
!Name
!English name
!Function
|- style="text-align:center;"
|⁘
|
|Four-dot mark
|The four-dot mark indicates a verse break. It is used at the beginning and end of a verse, especially to separate verse from prose. It may occur at the beginning or end of lines, or in the middle of a page.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|❊
|
|Eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk
|The eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk indicates a decoration for title. This mark occurs end of the title. This mark also occurs end of a poem. This mark occurs end of a prayer in Jarring texts. However this mark did not occur consistently.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|.
|
|Period (full stop)
|The period is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. However, this mark did not occur consistently in Chaghatay manuscripts until the later period (e.g. manuscripts on Russian paper).
|- style="text-align:center;"
|" "
|
|Quotation mark
|Dialogue was wrapped in quotation marks, rarely used for certain words with emphasis
|- style="text-align:center;"
|___
|
|Underscore
|Dash: mostly with red ink, occurs on the top of names, prayers, and highlighted questions, answers, and important outline numbers.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
|Whitespace
|Can indicate a stanza break in verse, and a new paragraph in brows.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|Dash
|Rare punctuation: used for number ranges (e.g. 2–5)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|
|Double dash
|Rare punctuation: sets off following information like a colon, it is used to list a table of contents
|- style="text-align:center;"
|( )
|
|Parentheses
|Marks a tangential or contextual remark, word or phrase.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|:
|
|colon
|Colons appear extremely rarely preceding a direct quote. Colons can also mark beginning of dialogue
|- style="text-align:center;"
|…
|
|Ellipsis:
|Ellipsis: a series of dots (typically 3) that indicate missing text.
|}


== 参閲 ==
== 参閲 ==
第162行： 第656行：
* {{le|從右到左書寫的文字|Right-to-left script}}
* {{le|從右到左書寫的文字|Right-to-left script}}
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
==注释==
{{notelist}}


==参考文献==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Eckmann, János, ''Chagatay Manual''. (Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series ; 60). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1966. Reprinted edition, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-7007-0860-X}}, or {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0860-4}}.
*Bodrogligeti, András J. E., ''A Grammar of Chagatay''. (Languages of the World: Materials ; 155). München: LINCOM Europa, 2001. (Repr. 2007), {{ISBN|3-89586-563-X}}.
* Pavet de Courteille, Abel, ''Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes (Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages)''. Paris, 1870. Reprinted edition, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972, {{ISBN|90-6022113-3}}.
* Erkinov A. “Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th-18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)”. ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies''. C.H.Woo (ed.). vol.12, 2008, pp.&nbsp;57–82 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060828/http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/12/3.PDF].
{{refend}}

==书目==
*Eckmann, János, ''Chagatay Manual''. (Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series ; 60). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1966. Reprinted edition, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-7007-0860-X}}, or {{ISBN|978-0-7007-0860-4}}.
*Bodrogligeti, András J. E., ''A Grammar of Chagatay''. (Languages of the World: Materials ; 155). München: LINCOM Europa, 2001. (Repr. 2007), {{ISBN|3-89586-563-X}}.
*Pavet de Courteille, Abel, ''Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes (Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages)''. Paris, 1870. Reprinted edition, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972, {{ISBN|90-6022-113-3}}. Also [https://books.google.com/books?id=d6UCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9 available online] (Google Books)
* Erkinov, Aftandil. "Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th–18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)". ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies''. C.H.Woo (ed.). vol.12, 2008, pp.&nbsp;57–82 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060828/http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/12/3.PDF].
* Cakan, Varis (2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20161219215155/http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11094/12239/1/riwl_006_143.pdf ''"Chagatai Turkish and Its Effects on Central Asian Culture"''], 大阪大学世界言語研究センター論集. 6 pp.&nbsp;143–158, Osaka University Knowledge Archive.
== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
*[http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ Russian imperial policies in Central Asia] {{Wayback|url=http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=20201109034048 }}
*[http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ Russian imperial policies in Central Asia] {{Wayback|url=http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=20201109034048 }}

2023年10月31日 (二) 05:21的版本

察合台语
چغتای
Čaġatāy
以波斯体写的“察合台”(چغتای)
区域中亚、呼罗珊
語言滅亡Around 1921
語系
早期形式
文字波斯字母系统（波斯体）
官方地位
作为官方语言
語言代碼
ISO 639-2chg
ISO 639-3chg
语言学家列表chg
Glottologchag1247[4]

察合台語，也作察哈台語、查加泰语（جغتای - Jaĝatāy [dʒaɣatej]; 維吾爾語: چاغاتاي / Chaghatay / Чағатай; 烏茲別克語: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي / Chigʻatoy / Чиғатой），是中亞地區一種已經消亡的突厥语系語言，被逐漸棄用後，仍作為書面語使用至1920年代。察合台語採用波斯文字（阿拉伯字母）。追尋其源流，實是早在10至12世紀喀喇汗王朝（黑汗）時代，喀什、和田以至中亞烏茲別克一帶已經開始使用阿拉伯字母拼寫突厥語了。是伊斯蘭化後的突厥語民族共用的文字。[5][6]书面察合台语是现代葛逻禄语支语言的前身，其中包括乌兹别克语和维吾尔语。[7]乌古斯语支的土库曼语虽然不属于葛逻禄语支，但数百年来深受其影响。ref>Vaidyanath, R. The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republics: A Study in Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1917–1936. People's Publishing House. 1967: 24. </ref> 阿里希尔·纳沃伊是最伟大的察合台语文学家之一。[8]

承德避暑山庄丽正门。左起第二列是用波斯体写的察合台语，读作Rawshan Otturādiqi Darwāza.

现代乌兹别克斯坦仍在研究察合台语文学，被视为现代乌兹别克语的直系祖先、乌兹别克斯坦民族遗产的一部分。

词源

察合台汗国（1225–1680s）的“察合台”来自成吉思汗的次子察合台。[9]许多使用这种语言的突厥语族群都声称自己是察合台汗国的政治后裔。

作为1924年乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国成立筹备工作的一部分，察合台语被更名为“古乌兹别克语”，[10][11][7][12][13]Edward A. Allworth认为这“严重歪曲了该地区的文学史”，并被用于赋予阿里希尔·纳沃伊等文学家以乌孜别克族身份。[14][15]在俄国殖民资料中，也被称为“Turki”或“Sart”等。[13]在中国有时被称为“古维吾尔语”。[16]

歷史

阿富汗赫拉特发现的15世纪晚期察合台文作品

20世纪的察合台研究受民族主义偏见的影响。前察合台地区的独立共和国一直称察合台语是自己语言的祖先。因此，古乌兹别克语、古维吾尔语、古鞑靼语、古土库曼语及16世纪阿塞拜疆语中受察合台语影响的层次被分开研究。察合台语本身的某些特点常被忽视，例如从波斯语发展来的复杂句法。

察合台語是一種突厥語，屬突厥語東南部方言，普遍通行於中亞前蒙古帝國的察合台汗國領土，曾經與欽察語一樣是中亞商旅之間的通用語言。隨著地區勢力的分化，後來發展成各種方言。當中，維吾爾語及烏茲別克語都脫胎自察合台語。後來當俄羅斯控制了中亞地區之後，由於大量俄語人口遷入，使察合台語人口愈來愈少，並在前蘇聯時間消亡。

察合台文一般指15世紀─20世紀初中亞等地突厥語諸民族使用的書面語[7]:143，古察合台文指15世紀─16世紀維吾爾、烏茲別克等族文人使用的突厥伊斯蘭文學語言。最著名的是阿里希爾·納沃伊《五卷詩》：「正人之憂」、「蕾莉與馬傑農」、「亞塞拜然的希琳公主」、「七星美圖」、「希臘化的伊斯坎達城堡」，他是使用察合台語的大詩人。各國學者對其使用時期與範圍尚無一致看法。中國維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、烏茲別克、塔塔爾等族到20世紀初仍用為書面語。察合台文以阿拉伯字母為基礎，有輔助符號。

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü将察合台语的演变分为以下阶段：[17]

  1. 早期察合台语（13-14世纪）
  2. 前古典察合台语（15世纪上半叶）
  3. 古典察合台语（15世纪下半叶）
  4. 古典察合台语的延续（16世纪）
  5. 衰落（17-19世纪）

第一阶段是个过渡阶段，其特点是保留了古老的形式；第二阶段始于阿里希尔·纳沃伊的第一部诗集的出版，代表了察合台语文学的顶峰。[來源請求]

对后世突厥语的影响

从察合台语演变来的两种现代语言——乌兹别克语和维吾尔语与之距离最相近。乌兹别克人将察合台语视为语言的直系祖先，将文学视作本民族文化的一部分。1921年，乌兹别克斯坦最初打算将察合台语作为乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国的官方语言，但它显然太古老，于是被基于乌兹别克语方言的新书面语取代了。

根据《民族语》的记录，阿富汗曾用“察合台”描述土库曼语的Tekke方言。[18]直到18世纪末，察合台语都仍是中亚大部的主要书面语。[19]虽然察合台语对土库曼语有一定影响，但它们属于突厥语洗的不同分支。

文学

多元文化

波斯化希臘文化

伊朗文化與蘇菲文學影響

  • 內扎米《五卷詩》Xámsá
  • 納沃伊《雙言辨》Muhakimátul Luýátájin

印度文化文學影響

  • 《卡力萊與迪木乃》Kálilá Wá Dáminá
  • 《巴布爾回憶錄》Babur Namá

蒙古與俄羅斯文化

漢文化

  • 「喀喇汗與中國愛情故事」包括阿拉伯故事「阿拉丁」與同時受波斯與蒙元帝國影響的意大利歌劇《杜蘭朵公主》Turan-dokht波斯語「圖蘭公主」

15、16世纪

最著名的察合台诗人阿里希尔·纳沃伊撰写了《两种语言的比较》（Muhakamat al-Lughatayn）对察合台语和波斯语进行了详细比较，论证了前者在文学方面的优越性。察合台语有时称为“纳沃伊的语言”，他的名气可见一斑。在散文作品中，帖木儿传、莫卧儿帝国建立者巴布尔的《巴布尔回忆录》都是用察合台语写的。卡姆兰·米尔扎的一首诗有波斯语和察合台语两版，白拉姆汗的一首诗也由察合台语写成。

下面是16世纪察合台文学的典型例子，巴布尔在一篇ruba'i中使用了察合台语。[20]

穆罕默德·昔班尼汗在征服大呼罗珊后不久，于1507年用察合台语写了一篇名为《Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni》的散文，并传给儿子穆罕默德·帖木儿。[1][21]哲学、宗教学著作《Bahr ul-Khuda》（1508）手稿现藏于伦敦。[22] Ötemish Hajji在花剌子模撰写了一部名为《Tarikh-i Dost Sultan》的史书。

17、18世纪

就文学创作而言，17、18世纪可以算是衰落时期，察合台语的地位被波斯语取代。重要的察合台语著作有阿布勒哈兹·巴哈杜尔的《土库曼世系》和《突厥世系》。他出于功能方面的考虑，表示“我没有使用一个察合台语、波斯语或阿拉伯语单词”中描述了对语言与风格的权衡：让尽量多的读者理解，而不使用过于华丽的文体，特别是韵文。到18世纪下半叶，土库曼诗人马赫图姆库里·弗拉基（Magtymguly Pyragy）也将古典察合台语作为一种书面语引入土库曼文学，并融入了许多土库曼语特点。[19]

布哈拉汗国苏布罕·库里（1680–1702）用中亚突厥语（察合台语）撰写了医学著作《苏布罕·库里的医学复兴》（Ihya at-tibb Subhani），专于疾病的描述、识别与治疗。其中一份手稿存于布达佩斯图书馆。[23]

19、20世纪

19世纪著名的希瓦汗国文学家有Shermuhammad Munis和侄子Muhammad Riza Agahi。[24]穆罕默德·拉希姆二世也著有一些加扎勒。穆萨·赛拉米的《Tārīkh-i amniyya》（1903）及修订版《Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi》（1908）是关于陕甘回乱的最佳资料来源。[25][26]

代表性文献

《先知傳》

  • Qisasas-i Rabýuzi

《古麗和諾魯茲》

  • Gůl Wá Náwruz (察哈台愛情經典）

納瓦依的著作

《伊朗王國史》

  • Ářám Pad-šah-liriniň Tarixi

《波斯詩歌集》

  • Diwanni-i Fani

《禽言》

  • Lisanur Tájir

《雙言辨》

  • Muhakimátul Luýátájin

《五卷詩》Xámsá

  • 《正直人的驚愕》
  • 《萊麗與麥季儂》
  • 《帕爾哈德與希琳》
  • 《七美圖/巴赫拉姆傳》:
    • Sábi-i Sájjar/Braham Namá
  • 《亞歷山大的城堡》:
    • Sádd-i Iskándár（希臘大帝遠征）

《卡力萊與迪木乃》

  • Kálilá Wá Dáminá（印度動物政治寓言）

《大流士傳》

  • 波斯王遠征

《布哈喇汗王傳》

《沙揬不花喇汗王傳》

《鐵木真傳》（鋼鐵汗王傳）

  • Činggiz Namá

《阿爾斯蘭汗王傳》(獅汗王傳）

  • Tázkirá-i Arsilanxan

《巴布爾自傳》（虎汗王傳）

  • Babur-Namá（察哈台大帝遠征）

《帖木兒武功記》

  • Šaraf adDin "Zapar Namá"

《昔班尼傳》

  • Salih "Šajbonij Namá"

《樂師傳》

  • Tarixi-i Musiqijun

《突厥世系》

《安寧史》

《伊米德史》

《諸和卓傳》

《察合台字典》

《察合台詞目》

其他相關重要文獻

  1. Qutadýu Bilig 《福樂智慧》
  2. Diwanu Luqátit Turk《突厥語大辭典》
  3. Bostan
  4. Gůlstan
  5. Sind bat Namá辛巴達傳？
  6. Xusro wá Širin霍斯魯國王和席琳公主
  7. Máhzunul ásrar
  8. Gůl wá náwruz古麗和諾魯茲
  9. Qahar Diwan
  10. Tawarixi-ářám
  11. Halati Sájit Hásán Árdiširi
  12. Mářalisun náfais
  13. Mhzánul áwzan
  14. Diwan Ráhidi
  15. Kitab tánbijei-tárbijá
  16. Tawani Qidiri
  17. Diwani Qidiri
  18. Diwan Náfisi波斯詩集
  19. Áxlaq Iámilá
  20. Šárhil qulb
  21. Muhábbát Namá wá Mihnátkam愛苦相依
  22. Diwan Zálili翟黎里詩集
  23. Diwan Nóbiti
  24. Gul wá Bulbul花兒與百靈鳥
  25. Tázkira-i man Záhilla
  26. Íůsf wá Zulájxa玉素甫和祖萊哈（約瑟的愛情試煉）
  27. Farhat wá Širin
  28. Divan Sáburi
  29. Řami-ul hikmát
  30. Ráwzátus Zohra
  31. Tázkirá-i Buýraxan布哈喇汗王傳
  32. Sidiq Namá
  33. Pándi Namá
  34. Muhábbát Namá愛情篇
  35. Zůbdátul másail
  36. Durrin nádzat
  37. Ýáriblar hikayati
  38. Kitabi Ýárib
  39. Šárhi Šikásti Namá
  40. Záfár Namá凱旋傳
  41. Bárq Tářálli Sábáq Mářálli
  42. Tářridi Kaššab
  43. Tarihi Áminija安寧史
  44. Tarihi Hámidi哈米德史
  45. Miň Bir Káčá天方夜譚

正字法

察合台语是一种书面语，使用波斯字母系统中的一种变体书写，称作Kona Yëziq（“旧字体”）。哈萨克字母、柯尔克孜语字母、维吾尔语文字和乌兹别克语字母都来自这种字体。

独立 尾部 中部 首部 乌兹别克字母名 乌兹别克拉丁转写 哈萨克 柯尔克孜 维吾尔
ﺀ — Hamza ' ∅/й ∅/й ئ
ﺍ ﺎ ﺍ alif А а, О о А а/Ә ә А а ئا
ﺏ ﺐ ﺒ ﺑ be B b Б б Б б ﺏ
ﭖ ﭗ ﭙ ﭘ pe P p П п П п ﭖ
ﺕ ﺖ ﺘ ﺗ te T t Т т Т т ﺕ
ﺙ ﺚ ﺜ ﺛ se S s С с С с س
ﺝ ﺞ ﺠ ﺟ jim J j Ж ж Ж ж ﺝ
ﭺ ﭻ ﭽ ﭼ chim Ch ch Ш ш Ч ч ﭺ
ﺡ ﺢ ﺤ ﺣ hoy-i hutti H h х, ∅ х, ∅ ھ
ﺥ ﺦ ﺨ ﺧ xe X x Қ қ

(Х х)

К к

(Х х)

ﺥ
ﺩ ﺪ ﺩ dol D d Д д Д д ﺩ
ﺫ ﺬ ﺫ zol Z z З з З з ﺯ
ﺭ ﺮ ﺭ re R r Р р Р р ﺭ
ﺯ ﺰ ﺯ ze Z z З з З з ﺯ
ﮊ ﮋ ﮊ je (zhe) J j Ж ж Ж ж ﮊ
ﺱ ﺲ ﺴ ﺳ sin S s С с С с ﺱ
ﺵ ﺶ ﺸ ﺷ shin Sh sh С с

(Ш ш)

Ш ш ﺵ
ﺹ ﺺ ﺼ ﺻ sod S s С с С с س
ﺽ ﺾ ﻀ ﺿ dod Z z З з З з ز
ﻁ ﻂ ﻄ ﻃ to (itqi) T t Т т Т т ت
ﻅ ﻆ ﻈ ﻇ zo (izgʻi) Z z З з З з ز
ﻉ ﻊ ﻌ ﻋ ayn ' ∅ (Ғ ғ) ∅ ئ
ﻍ ﻎ ﻐ ﻏ ğayn Gʻ gʻ Ғ ғ Г г ﻍ
ﻑ ﻒ ﻔ ﻓ fe F f П п

(Ф ф)

П п/Б*

(Ф ф)

ﻑ
ﻕ ﻖ ﻘ ﻗ qof Q q Қ қ К к ﻕ
ک ک ﻜ ﻛ kof K k К к Кь кь ك
ﮒ ﮓ ﮕ ﮔ gof G g Г г Гь гь ﮒ
نگ/ݣ ـنگ/ـݣ ـنگـ/ـݣـ نگـ/ݣـ nungof Ng ng Ң ң Ң ң ڭ
ﻝ ﻞ ﻠ ﻟ lam L l Л л Л л ﻝ
ﻡ ﻢ ﻤ ﻣ mim M m М м М м ﻡ
ﻥ ﻦ ﻨ ﻧ nun N n Н н Н н ﻥ
ﻭ ﻮ ﻭ vav V v

U u,

Oʻ oʻ

У у

Үү/Ұұ,

Өө/Оо

_б_

Үү/Уу,

Өө/Оо

ۋ

ئۈ/ئۇ، ئۆ/ئو

ﻩ ﻪ ﻬ ﻫ hoy-i havvaz H h

A a

∅/й (h)

е/а

∅/й

э/а

ھ

ئە/ئا

ﻯ ﻰ ﻴ ﻳ ye Y y

Е e, I i

Йй, Ии

Іі/Ыы,

Ее

Йй

Ии/Ыы,

Ээ/Ее

ي

ئى، ئې

注释

ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء 等字母仅用于借词，不代表任何额外音素。

对于哈萨克语和柯尔克孜语，括号中的是从塔塔尔语和俄语借用的现代发音，与哈萨克语和柯尔克孜语的历史处理不一致。

影响

很多突厥语正字法都以Kona Yëziq为基础，如南阿塞拜疆语、卡什加语、恰哈马哈勒语、呼罗珊突厥语、传统维文、艾努语和哈拉吉语等。
几乎所有其他突厥语都有使用Kona Yëziq的历史，但由于土耳其和苏联进行的文字改革，其中许多现在都使用拉丁字母或西里尔字母书写。

清朝委托编写的主要语言词典中包括察合台语，如《御制五体清文鉴》。

语法

语序

The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in the order of emphasis put on them.

元辅音和谐

Like other Turkic languages, Chagatai has vowel harmony (though Uzbek, despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn’t). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon vowel backness.

Back vowels a u o i, e
Front vowels ä ü ö

The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in inflection: 1. [i] and [e] almost always follow the front vowel inflections. 2. If the stem contains [q] or [ǧ], which are formed in the back of the mouth, then the stem is more likely to sound “back,” so you would choose the back vowels.

These affect the suffixes that are applied to words.

Consonant harmony is relatively less common and only appears in a few suffixes such as the genitive.

数

Plural is formed by adding the suffix -لار (-lar/lär). There are two pronunciations which exist due vowel harmony rules. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front syllable ([a], [o], [u]) -lar is used. If the vowel is a back vowel ([ä], [ö], [ü]) or [i] and [e], -lär is used. In rare circumstances -lar is sometimes written as -لر, though generally the suffix -لار is used for both the pronounciations /-lär/ and /-lar/. Or in the case of Kazakh and Kyrgyz /-ler/ and /-lar/.

格

Chagatai has six different cases. The nominative and sometimes the accusative does not have any special making.

Affix

اوتون

otun

اوتون

otun

firewood

اينك

inäk

اينك

inäk

cow

 Notes
Nominative -

اوتون

otun

اوتون

otun

A/The firewood...

اينك

inäk

اينك

inäk

A/The cow...

 Nominative is unmarked and usually comes first in a sentence.
Genitive

-نينک

-niŋ

-نينک

-niŋ

اوتوننينک

otunniŋ

اوتوننينک

otunniŋ

...a/the firewood’s...

اينكنينک

inäkniŋ

اينكنينک

inäkniŋ

...a/the cow’s...

 The possessed object must be inflected with third person possessive pronouns ‘ى/سى’ (si/i).
Accusative

-نى

-ni

-نى

-ni

اوتوننى

otunni

اوتوننى

otunni

...the firewood.

اينكنى

inäkni

اينكنى

inäkni

...the cow.

 Accusative case only takes effect in the case that the direct object is “definite”. So ‘a road’ is <yol> but ‘the road’ is <yolni>.
Dative

-غه/كه

-ka/ǧa

-غه/كه

-ka/ǧa

اوتونغه

otunǧa

اوتونغه

otunǧa

...to the firewood...

اينككه

inäkka

اينككه

inäkka

...to the cow...

 To be noted is that the ending varies from word to word due to consonant harmony, which changes may be included in writing or not, so <inäk> + <ǧa> = <inäkka> but may be written as <inäkǧa>. Vowel harmony is taken into effect if the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel the suffix attains pronunciation of -ä instead of -a.
Ablative

-دين

-din

 

(/dan/dän)

-دين

-din

اوتوندين

otundin

اوتوندين

otundin

...from the firewood...

اينكدين/اينكتين

inäkdin/inäktin

اينكدين/اينكتين

inäkdin/inäktin

...from the cow...

 The case marking for ablative is occasionally rendered as -دهن or -دان (dan/dän), and can become -تين (tin) before a voiceless consonants.
Locative

-ده

-da/dä

-ده

-da/dä

اوتونده

otunda

اوتونده

otunda

...in/on the firewood...

اينكده

inäkdä

اينكده

inäkdä

...in/on the cow...

 Like the dative the locative works through vowel harmony; of the vowel of the final syllable is a front syllable the suffix turns to -dä.

代词

人称代词

There are seven Chagatai personal pronouns, as there are formal and informal forms of the second person singular form. Unlike other languages these pronouns do not differ between genders. Each of these pronouns have suffixes added to end of verbs as conjugation.

Number Singular Conjugational suffix Plural Conjugational suffix
First person من‎ män -من‎ -män بيز‎ biz -ميز‎ -miz
Second person سيز‎ siz [informal] -سيز‎ -siz سيزلار‎ sizlär -سيزلار‎ -sizlär
سن‎ sän [formal] سن‎ -sän
Third person او/اول‎ ul/u - اولار‎ ular -لار‎ -lar

发音

Below are some punctuation marks associated with Chagatai.[27]

Symbol/

Graphemes

Name English name Function
⁘ Four-dot mark The four-dot mark indicates a verse break. It is used at the beginning and end of a verse, especially to separate verse from prose. It may occur at the beginning or end of lines, or in the middle of a page.
❊ Eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk The eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk indicates a decoration for title. This mark occurs end of the title. This mark also occurs end of a poem. This mark occurs end of a prayer in Jarring texts. However this mark did not occur consistently.
. Period (full stop) The period is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. However, this mark did not occur consistently in Chaghatay manuscripts until the later period (e.g. manuscripts on Russian paper).
" " Quotation mark Dialogue was wrapped in quotation marks, rarely used for certain words with emphasis
___ Underscore Dash: mostly with red ink, occurs on the top of names, prayers, and highlighted questions, answers, and important outline numbers.
Whitespace Can indicate a stanza break in verse, and a new paragraph in brows.
- Dash Rare punctuation: used for number ranges (e.g. 2–5)
-- Double dash Rare punctuation: sets off following information like a colon, it is used to list a table of contents
( ) Parentheses Marks a tangential or contextual remark, word or phrase.
: colon Colons appear extremely rarely preceding a direct quote. Colons can also mark beginning of dialogue
… Ellipsis: Ellipsis: a series of dots (typically 3) that indicate missing text.

参閲

注释

参考文献

  • Eckmann, János, Chagatay Manual. (Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series ; 60). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1966. Reprinted edition, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0860-X, or ISBN 978-0-7007-0860-4.
  • Bodrogligeti, András J. E., A Grammar of Chagatay. (Languages of the World: Materials ; 155). München: LINCOM Europa, 2001. (Repr. 2007), ISBN 3-89586-563-X.
  • Pavet de Courteille, Abel, Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes (Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages). Paris, 1870. Reprinted edition, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972, ISBN 90-6022113-3.
  • Erkinov A. “Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th-18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)”. International Journal of Central Asian Studies. C.H.Woo (ed.). vol.12, 2008, pp. 57–82 [2].

书目

  • Eckmann, János, Chagatay Manual. (Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series ; 60). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1966. Reprinted edition, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0860-X, or ISBN 978-0-7007-0860-4.
  • Bodrogligeti, András J. E., A Grammar of Chagatay. (Languages of the World: Materials ; 155). München: LINCOM Europa, 2001. (Repr. 2007), ISBN 3-89586-563-X.
  • Pavet de Courteille, Abel, Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes (Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages). Paris, 1870. Reprinted edition, Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972, ISBN 90-6022-113-3. Also available online (Google Books)
  • Erkinov, Aftandil. "Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th–18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. C.H.Woo (ed.). vol.12, 2008, pp. 57–82 [3].
  • Cakan, Varis (2011) "Chagatai Turkish and Its Effects on Central Asian Culture", 大阪大学世界言語研究センター論集. 6 pp. 143–158, Osaka University Knowledge Archive.

外部链接

维基孵育场的維基百科語言試驗版：察合台語試驗版
各地
学术
  1. ^ Grenoble, Lenore. Language Policy of the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2003: 143. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5. 
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. 例如，Ebn Mohannā（Jamāl-al-Dīn， 8/14 世纪早期，可能在呼罗珊）将其描述为所有突厥语中最纯正的（Doerfer，1976，第243页），金帐汗国（Radloff，1870；库拉特；Bodrogligeti，1962）和克里米亚（库拉特）的汗国以及喀山鞑靼人（Akhmetgaleeva；Yusupov）在很多时候都用察合台语写作。 
  3. ^ Ayşe Gül Sertkaya. Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı. Hazai, György (编). Archivum Ottomanicum 20. 2002: 114–115. 因此，我们可以说Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı 是15世纪生活在征服者穆罕默德苏丹及其儿子巴耶济德-伊-维利宫殿中的一名抄写员，他用维吾尔文和阿拉伯文以及东突厥斯坦语（察合台语）书写了穆罕默德二世和巴耶济德二世寄给东突厥人的信件(bitig)和法令(yarlığ)。 
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Chagatai. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  5. ^ Chagatai literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2021-09-19]. 
  6. ^ Bakker, Peter; Matras, Yaron. Contact Languages. Walter de Gruyter. 2013-06-26: 292. ISBN 9781614513711. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Grenoble, L. A. Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer Science & Business Media. 2006-04-11. ISBN 978-0-306-48083-6. 
  8. ^ Robert McHenry (编). Navā'ī, (Mir) 'Alī Shīr. Encyclopædia Britannica 8 15th. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.: 563. 1993. 
  9. ^ Vladimir Babak; Demian Vaisman; Aryeh Wasserman. Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents. Routledge. 2004-11-23: 343–. ISBN 978-1-135-77681-7. 
  10. ^ Schiffman, Harold. Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Brill Academic. 2011: 178–179. ISBN 978-9004201453. 
  11. ^ Scott Newton. Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge. Routledge. 2014-11-20: 232–. ISBN 978-1-317-92978-9. 
  12. ^ Andrew Dalby. Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages需要免费注册. Columbia University Press. 1998: 665–. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1. Chagatai Old Uzbek official. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Paul Bergne. Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic. I.B.Tauris. 2007-06-29: 24, 137. ISBN 978-0-85771-091-8. 
  14. ^ Allworth, Edward A. The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History. Hoover Institution Press. 1990: 229–230. ISBN 978-0817987329. 
  15. ^ Aramco World Magazine. Arabian American Oil Company. 1985: 27. 
  16. ^ Pengyuan Liu; Qi Su. Chinese Lexical Semantics: 14th Workshop, CLSW 2013, Zhengzhou, China, May 10–12, 2013. Revised Selected Papers. Springer. 2013-12-12: 448–. ISBN 978-3-642-45185-0. 
  17. ^ János Eckmann. Thomas A. Sebeok , 编. Uralic and Altaic Series 60. Indiana University Publications: 7. 1966.  |section=被忽略 (帮助)
  18. ^ Turkmen language. Ethnologue. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. p. 318. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division, 1997
  20. ^ Balabanlilar, Lisa. Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire. Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2015: 42–43. ISBN 978-0-857-72081-8. 
  21. ^ Bodrogligeti A.J.E. Muḥammad Shaybānī Khan’s Apology to the Muslim Clergy // Archivum Ottomanicum. 1994a. Vol. 13. (1993/1994), р.98
  22. ^ A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, "Muhammad Shaybanî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay", Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4
  23. ^ A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. Edited, Translated and Annotated by László KÁROLY. Brill’s Inner Asian Library. Volume 32. Editors: Michael DROMPP; Devin DEWEESE; Mark C. ELLIOTT. Leiden. 2015
  24. ^ [4]; Qahhar, Tahir, and William Dirks. “Uzbek Literature.” World Literature Today, vol. 70, no. 3, 1996, pp. 611–618. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40042097.
  25. ^ МОЛЛА МУСА САЙРАМИ: ТА'РИХ-И АМНИЙА (Mulla Musa Sayrami's Tarikh-i amniyya: Preface)], in: "Материалы по истории казахских ханств XV–XVIII веков (Извлечения из персидских и тюркских сочинений)" (Materials for the history of the Kazakh Khanates of the 15–18th cc. (Extracts from Persian and Turkic literary works)), Alma Ata, Nauka Publishers, 1969. （俄語）
  26. ^ Kim, Ho-dong. Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. 2004: xvi. ISBN 0-8047-4884-5. 
  27. ^ Chaghatay manuscripts transcription handbook. uyghur.ittc.ku.edu. [2021-11-13]. 
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=察合台語&oldid=79576639”