舍朱奔語支
舍朱奔語支 | |
---|---|
布貢語支、Kho-Bwa(火水) | |
地理分佈 | 喜馬拉雅山東麓 |
譜系學分類 | 漢藏語系
|
分支 | |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-3 | 分別為:sdp – 舍朱奔語onp – 薩爾當語cvg – 楚格語lsh – 利西語suv – 蘇龍語bgg – 布貢語 |
Glottolog | khob1235[1] |
舍朱奔語支 ,也稱為 卡門語支 (Kamengic),是西藏藏南地區使用的一小類語言。Kho-Bwa 這個名字最初是由 George van Driem(2001)提出的。它基於重建的單詞 *kho(「水」)和 *bwa(「火」)。Blench(2011)建議將用卡門 Kameng 地區命名為卡門語支(Kamengic)。另外,Anderson(2014)[2]將舍朱奔語支稱為北卡門語支(Northeast Kamengic)。
Van Driem 和 Blench 都將舍朱奔語(Sherdukpen 或 Mey)、利西語(Lishpa 或 Khispi)、楚格語(Chug 或 Duhumbi)和 薩爾當語(Sartang)語言歸為一類。它們形成了一個語組,並且明顯相關。Van Driem (2001)將蘇龍語(Sulung 或 Puroik)和布貢語(Bugun 或 Khowa)語言納入該語支,但 Blench (2023) 暫時將其視為獨立的語言,與卡門語支沒有證明的關係。[3]
這些語言傳統上被歸入藏緬語族,但其合理性有待商榷。這些語言受到鄰近的漢藏語系的強烈影響,可能是純粹的區域效應。[4]
根據2000年的估計,整個語系約有15,000人(包括蘇龍語)或大約10,000人(不包括蘇龍語)。
Abraham等人(2018)也對舍朱奔語支的語言進行了詞彙表和社會語言學調查。
分類
[編輯]舍朱奔語支的內部結構如下。
Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)
[編輯]Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)[5] 認為布瑞語是一種舍朱奔語支語言,並將舍朱奔語支分類如下:
- 舍朱奔語支
- 布瑞語
- 布貢語
- 西舍朱奔語支
- 舍朱奔語, 薩爾當語
- 楚格語 (Duhumbi), 利西語 (Khispi)
Tresoldi et al. (2022)
[編輯]根據Tresoldi等人(2022)的計算系統發育分析,舍朱奔語支的系統發育樹大致如下:[6]
- 舍朱奔語支
- 西分支
- 杜洪比–基斯皮語組(Duhumbi–Khispi 或 Chug–Lish):杜洪比語(Chug),基斯皮語(Lish)
- 梅伊–薩爾當語組:謝爾岡 Shergaon,魯帕 Rupa,傑里加翁 Jerigaon,科伊納 Khoina,拉洪 Rahung,科伊塔姆 Khoitam
- 布貢語
- A分支
- 布魯 Bulu,拉瓦 Rawa,科喬 Kojo,羅喬 Rojo
- 薩里奧薩里亞 Sario Saria,拉蘇姆帕特 Lasumpatte,查揚塔喬 Chayangtajo
- B分支
- 納姆弗里 Namphri,卡斯皮 Kaspi
- 旺霍 Wangho,迪克揚 Dikhyang
- 辛查昂 Singchaung,比喬姆 Bichom
- A分支
- 西分支
詞彙
[編輯]下表的舍朱奔語支基本詞彙項目來自Blench (2015)。[7]
Gloss | 舍朱奔語 (謝爾岡) | 舍朱奔語 (魯帕) | 薩爾當語 (傑里加翁) | 薩爾當語 (拉洪) | 利西語 (基斯皮) | 楚格語 (杜洪比) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
one | hǎn | han | hèn | hân | hin | hin |
two | ɲǐt | ɲik | nìk | ně | ɲes | niʃ |
three | ùŋ | uŋ | ùŋ | ùún | ʔum | om |
four | pʰʃì | bsi | sì | psì | pʰəhi | psi |
five | kʰù | kʰu | kʰù | kʰu | kʰa | kʰa |
six | ʧùk | kit | ʧìk | ʨěy | ʧʰuʔ | ʧyk |
seven | ʃìt | sit | sìk | sǐ, sě | ʃis | his |
eight | sàʤát | sarʤat | sàrgè | sàrʤɛ́ | saɾgeʔ | saɾgeʔ |
nine | tʰkʰí | dʰikʰi | tʰkʰì | tɛ̀kʰɯ́ | ṱʰikʰu | ṱʰikʰu |
ten | sɔ̀ ̃ | sõ | sã̀ | sɔ | ʃan | ʃan |
head | kʰruk | kʰruk | kʰrǔk | kʰruʔ | kʰoloʔ | kʰloʔ |
nose | nupʰuŋ | nəfuŋ | nfùŋ | apʰuŋ | hempoŋ | heŋpʰoŋ |
eye | khibi | kivi | kábì | kʰaʔby | kʰumu | kʰum |
ear | kʰtùŋ | gtʰiŋ | gtʰìŋ | ktèíŋ | kʰutʰuŋ | kʰutʰuŋ |
tongue | laphõ | lapon | ? | le | loi | loi |
tooth | nuthuŋ | tokʧe | mísìŋ | nitʰiŋ | ʃiŋtuŋ | hintuŋ |
arm | ik | ik | ìk | ik | hu | hut |
leg | là | lapon | lɛ̌ | lɛ̌ | lei | lai |
belly | ʃrìŋ | sliŋ | srìŋ | sriŋ | hiɲiŋ | hiliŋ |
bone | skìk | skik | àhík | skik | ʃukuʃ | ʃukuʃ |
blood | hà | ha(a) | hɛ̀ | ha | hoi | hoi |
face | dòŋpù | bo | mi | zə̀í | doʔ | doŋpa |
tooth | ntùŋ | tokʧe | mísìŋ | ptə̀íŋ | ʃiŋtuŋ | hintuŋ |
stomach | àlà | karbu | ʧàk | phriŋ | hiɲiŋ | hiliŋ |
mouth | ʧàw | nəʧaw | so | ʨʨǒ | hoʧok | kʰoʧu |
rain | ʧuuma | nimi | nʧʰù | ʧuʧuba | namu | namu |
See also
[編輯]- 舍朱奔語支比較詞彙表(維基詞典)
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Ismail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt. (2017) Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. Himalayan Linguistics 16(2). 26–63. Paper (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.2553234)
- Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang (2018). Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009. (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537601)
- Bodt, T. and J.-M. List (2019). Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa languages. Papers in Historical Phonology 4.1. 22–44. doi:10.2218/pihph.4.2019.3037 (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537604)
- Bodt, Timotheus A.; List, Johann-Mattis. Reflex prediction: A case study of Western Kho-Bwa. Diachronica. 2021. doi:10.1075/dia.20009.bod
.
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- ^ What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?
- ^ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
- ^ Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
- ^ Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.
- George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
- Blench, Roger. 2011. (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence
- Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
- Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009.
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