舍朱奔語支

舍朱奔語支
舍朱奔語支
布貢語支、Kho-Bwa（火水）
地理分佈	喜馬拉雅山東麓
譜系學分類	漢藏語系藏緬語族舍朱奔語支; ;
分支	舍朱奔語sdp 薩爾當語onp 楚格語 (Duhumbi)cvg 利西語 (Khispi) lsh ? 蘇龍語suv ? 布貢語bgg
語言代碼
ISO 639-3	分別為：; sdp – 舍朱奔語; onp – 薩爾當語; cvg – 楚格語; lsh – 利西語; suv – 蘇龍語; bgg – 布貢語
Glottolog	khob1235

舍朱奔語支 ，也稱為 卡門語支 （Kamengic），是西藏藏南地區使用的一小類語言。Kho-Bwa 這個名字最初是由 George van Driem（2001）提出的。它基於重建的單詞 *kho（「水」）和 *bwa（「火」）。Blench（2011）建議將用卡門 Kameng 地區命名為卡門語支（Kamengic）。另外，Anderson（2014）^[2]將舍朱奔語支稱為北卡門語支（Northeast Kamengic）。

Van Driem 和 Blench 都將舍朱奔語（Sherdukpen 或 Mey）、利西語（Lishpa 或 Khispi）、楚格語（Chug 或 Duhumbi）和 薩爾當語（Sartang）語言歸為一類。它們形成了一個語組，並且明顯相關。Van Driem （2001）將蘇龍語（Sulung 或 Puroik）和布貢語（Bugun 或 Khowa）語言納入該語支，但 Blench （2023）暫時將其視為獨立的語言，與卡門語支沒有證明的關係。^[3]

這些語言傳統上被歸入藏緬語族，但其合理性有待商榷。這些語言受到鄰近的漢藏語系的強烈影響，可能是純粹的區域效應。^[4]

根據2000年的估計，整個語系約有15,000人（包括蘇龍語）或大約10,000人（不包括蘇龍語）。

Abraham等人（2018）也對舍朱奔語支的語言進行了詞彙表和社會語言學調查。

分類

舍朱奔語支的內部結構如下。

舍朱奔語支
- 蘇龍語（Sulung 或布瑞語 Puroik）
- 布貢語（Bugun 或科瓦語 Khowa）
- 西舍朱奔語支
  - 梅伊-薩爾當語組 Mey–Sartang
    - 舍朱奔語 (Mey, Ngnok), 分為兩個方言:
      - 謝爾岡 Shergaon
      - 魯帕 Rupa
    - 薩爾當語 (Bootpa, But Monpa, But Pa, Matchopa),與 Mey 的詞彙相似度為 50%–60%。
  - 楚格-利什語組 Chug–Lish
    - 利西語 (Lish)
    - 楚格語 (Chug Monpa, Chugpa, Monpa), 接近 Lish

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)^[5] 認為布瑞語是一種舍朱奔語支語言，並將舍朱奔語支分類如下：

舍朱奔語支
- 布瑞語
- 布貢語
- 西舍朱奔語支
  - 舍朱奔語, 薩爾當語
  - 楚格語 (Duhumbi), 利西語 (Khispi)

Tresoldi et al. (2022)

根據Tresoldi等人（2022）的計算系統發育分析，舍朱奔語支的系統發育樹大致如下：^[6]

舍朱奔語支
- 西分支
  - 杜洪比–基斯皮語組（Duhumbi–Khispi 或 Chug–Lish）：杜洪比語（Chug），基斯皮語（Lish）
  - 梅伊–薩爾當語組：謝爾岡 Shergaon，魯帕 Rupa，傑里加翁 Jerigaon，科伊納 Khoina，拉洪 Rahung，科伊塔姆 Khoitam
- 布貢語
  - A分支
    - 布魯 Bulu，拉瓦 Rawa，科喬 Kojo，羅喬 Rojo
    - 薩里奧薩里亞 Sario Saria，拉蘇姆帕特 Lasumpatte，查揚塔喬 Chayangtajo
  - B分支
    - 納姆弗里 Namphri，卡斯皮 Kaspi
    - 旺霍 Wangho，迪克揚 Dikhyang
    - 辛查昂 Singchaung，比喬姆 Bichom

詞彙

下表的舍朱奔語支基本詞彙項目來自Blench （2015）。^[7]

Gloss	舍朱奔語 (謝爾岡)	舍朱奔語 (魯帕)	薩爾當語 (傑里加翁)	薩爾當語 (拉洪)	利西語 (基斯皮)	楚格語 (杜洪比)
one	hǎn	han	hèn	hân	hin	hin
two	ɲǐt	ɲik	nìk	ně	ɲes	niʃ
three	ùŋ	uŋ	ùŋ	ùún	ʔum	om
four	pʰʃì	bsi	sì	psì	pʰəhi	psi
five	kʰù	kʰu	kʰù	kʰu	kʰa	kʰa
six	ʧùk	kit	ʧìk	ʨěy	ʧʰuʔ	ʧyk
seven	ʃìt	sit	sìk	sǐ, sě	ʃis	his
eight	sàʤát	sarʤat	sàrgè	sàrʤɛ́	saɾgeʔ	saɾgeʔ
nine	tʰkʰí	dʰikʰi	tʰkʰì	tɛ̀kʰɯ́	ṱʰikʰu	ṱʰikʰu
ten	sɔ̀ ̃	sõ	sã̀	sɔ	ʃan	ʃan
head	kʰruk	kʰruk	kʰrǔk	kʰruʔ	kʰoloʔ	kʰloʔ
nose	nupʰuŋ	nəfuŋ	nfùŋ	apʰuŋ	hempoŋ	heŋpʰoŋ
eye	khibi	kivi	kábì	kʰaʔby	kʰumu	kʰum
ear	kʰtùŋ	gtʰiŋ	gtʰìŋ	ktèíŋ	kʰutʰuŋ	kʰutʰuŋ
tongue	laphõ	lapon	?	le	loi	loi
tooth	nuthuŋ	tokʧe	mísìŋ	nitʰiŋ	ʃiŋtuŋ	hintuŋ
arm	ik	ik	ìk	ik	hu	hut
leg	là	lapon	lɛ̌	lɛ̌	lei	lai
belly	ʃrìŋ	sliŋ	srìŋ	sriŋ	hiɲiŋ	hiliŋ
bone	skìk	skik	àhík	skik	ʃukuʃ	ʃukuʃ
blood	hà	ha(a)	hɛ̀	ha	hoi	hoi
face	dòŋpù	bo	mi	zə̀í	doʔ	doŋpa
tooth	ntùŋ	tokʧe	mísìŋ	ptə̀íŋ	ʃiŋtuŋ	hintuŋ
stomach	àlà	karbu	ʧàk	phriŋ	hiɲiŋ	hiliŋ
mouth	ʧàw	nəʧaw	so	ʨʨǒ	hoʧok	kʰoʧu
rain	ʧuuma	nimi	nʧʰù	ʧuʧuba	namu	namu

延伸閱讀

Ismail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt. (2017) Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. Himalayan Linguistics 16(2). 26–63. Paper (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.2553234)
Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang (2018). Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009. (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537601)
Bodt, T. and J.-M. List (2019). Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa languages. Papers in Historical Phonology 4.1. 22–44. doi:10.2218/pihph.4.2019.3037 (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537604)
Bodt, Timotheus A.; List, Johann-Mattis. Reflex prediction: A case study of Western Kho-Bwa. Diachronica. 2021. doi:10.1075/dia.20009.bod .

參考資料

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
^ What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?
^ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
^ Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
^ Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033.
^ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.

George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Blench, Roger. 2011. (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence
Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[Anderson2014-2] Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

[3] What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?

[4] Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."

[Lieberherr-Bodt-5] Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).

[Tresoldi-6] Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033.

[Blench2015-7] Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.

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[7]

分類

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)

Tresoldi et al. (2022)

詞彙

See also

延伸閱讀

參考資料