舍朱奔语支

舍朱奔语支
舍朱奔语支
布贡语支、Kho-Bwa（火水）
地理分布	喜马拉雅山东麓
谱系学分类	汉藏语系藏缅语族舍朱奔语支; ;
分支	舍朱奔语sdp 萨尔当语onp 楚格语 (Duhumbi)cvg 利西语 (Khispi) lsh ? 苏龙语suv ? 布贡语bgg
语言代码
ISO 639-3	分别为：; sdp – 舍朱奔语; onp – 萨尔当语; cvg – 楚格语; lsh – 利西语; suv – 苏龙语; bgg – 布贡语
Glottolog	khob1235

舍朱奔语支 ，也称为 卡门语支 （Kamengic），是西藏藏南地区使用的一小类语言。Kho-Bwa 这个名字最初是由 George van Driem（2001）提出的。它基于重建的单词 *kho（“水”）和 *bwa（“火”）。Blench（2011）建议将用卡门 Kameng 地区命名为卡门语支（Kamengic）。另外，Anderson（2014）^[2]将舍朱奔语支称为北卡门语支（Northeast Kamengic）。

Van Driem 和 Blench 都将舍朱奔语（Sherdukpen 或 Mey）、利西语（Lishpa 或 Khispi）、楚格语（Chug 或 Duhumbi）和 萨尔当语（Sartang）语言归为一类。它们形成了一个语组，并且明显相关。Van Driem （2001）将苏龙语（Sulung 或 Puroik）和布贡语（Bugun 或 Khowa）语言纳入该语支，但 Blench （2023）暂时将其视为独立的语言，与卡门语支没有证明的关系。^[3]

这些语言传统上被归入藏缅语族，但其合理性有待商榷。这些语言受到邻近的汉藏语系的强烈影响，可能是纯粹的区域效应。^[4]

根据2000年的估计，整个语系约有15,000人（包括苏龙语）或大约10,000人（不包括苏龙语）。

Abraham等人（2018）也对舍朱奔语支的语言进行了词汇表和社会语言学调查。

分类

舍朱奔语支的内部结构如下。

舍朱奔语支
- 苏龙语（Sulung 或布瑞语 Puroik）
- 布贡语（Bugun 或科瓦语 Khowa）
- 西舍朱奔语支
  - 梅伊-萨尔当语组 Mey–Sartang
    - 舍朱奔语 (Mey, Ngnok), 分为两个方言:
      - 谢尔冈 Shergaon
      - 鲁帕 Rupa
    - 萨尔当语 (Bootpa, But Monpa, But Pa, Matchopa),与 Mey 的词汇相似度为 50%–60%。
  - 楚格-利什语组 Chug–Lish
    - 利西语 (Lish)
    - 楚格语 (Chug Monpa, Chugpa, Monpa), 接近 Lish

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)^[5] 认为布瑞语是一种舍朱奔语支语言，并将舍朱奔语支分类如下：

舍朱奔语支
- 布瑞语
- 布贡语
- 西舍朱奔语支
  - 舍朱奔语, 萨尔当语
  - 楚格语 (Duhumbi), 利西语 (Khispi)

Tresoldi et al. (2022)

根据Tresoldi等人（2022）的计算系统发育分析，舍朱奔语支的系统发育树大致如下：^[6]

舍朱奔语支
- 西分支
  - 杜洪比–基斯皮语组（Duhumbi–Khispi 或 Chug–Lish）：杜洪比语（Chug），基斯皮语（Lish）
  - 梅伊–萨尔当语组：谢尔冈 Shergaon，鲁帕 Rupa，杰里加翁 Jerigaon，科伊纳 Khoina，拉洪 Rahung，科伊塔姆 Khoitam
- 布贡语
  - A分支
    - 布鲁 Bulu，拉瓦 Rawa，科乔 Kojo，罗乔 Rojo
    - 萨里奥萨里亚 Sario Saria，拉苏姆帕特 Lasumpatte，查扬塔乔 Chayangtajo
  - B分支
    - 纳姆弗里 Namphri，卡斯皮 Kaspi
    - 旺霍 Wangho，迪克扬 Dikhyang
    - 辛查昂 Singchaung，比乔姆 Bichom

词汇

下表的舍朱奔语支基本词汇项目来自Blench （2015）。^[7]

Gloss	舍朱奔语 (谢尔冈)	舍朱奔语 (鲁帕)	萨尔当语 (杰里加翁)	萨尔当语 (拉洪)	利西语 (基斯皮)	楚格语 (杜洪比)
one	hǎn	han	hèn	hân	hin	hin
two	ɲǐt	ɲik	nìk	ně	ɲes	niʃ
three	ùŋ	uŋ	ùŋ	ùún	ʔum	om
four	pʰʃì	bsi	sì	psì	pʰəhi	psi
five	kʰù	kʰu	kʰù	kʰu	kʰa	kʰa
six	ʧùk	kit	ʧìk	ʨěy	ʧʰuʔ	ʧyk
seven	ʃìt	sit	sìk	sǐ, sě	ʃis	his
eight	sàʤát	sarʤat	sàrgè	sàrʤɛ́	saɾgeʔ	saɾgeʔ
nine	tʰkʰí	dʰikʰi	tʰkʰì	tɛ̀kʰɯ́	ṱʰikʰu	ṱʰikʰu
ten	sɔ̀ ̃	sõ	sã̀	sɔ	ʃan	ʃan
head	kʰruk	kʰruk	kʰrǔk	kʰruʔ	kʰoloʔ	kʰloʔ
nose	nupʰuŋ	nəfuŋ	nfùŋ	apʰuŋ	hempoŋ	heŋpʰoŋ
eye	khibi	kivi	kábì	kʰaʔby	kʰumu	kʰum
ear	kʰtùŋ	gtʰiŋ	gtʰìŋ	ktèíŋ	kʰutʰuŋ	kʰutʰuŋ
tongue	laphõ	lapon	?	le	loi	loi
tooth	nuthuŋ	tokʧe	mísìŋ	nitʰiŋ	ʃiŋtuŋ	hintuŋ
arm	ik	ik	ìk	ik	hu	hut
leg	là	lapon	lɛ̌	lɛ̌	lei	lai
belly	ʃrìŋ	sliŋ	srìŋ	sriŋ	hiɲiŋ	hiliŋ
bone	skìk	skik	àhík	skik	ʃukuʃ	ʃukuʃ
blood	hà	ha(a)	hɛ̀	ha	hoi	hoi
face	dòŋpù	bo	mi	zə̀í	doʔ	doŋpa
tooth	ntùŋ	tokʧe	mísìŋ	ptə̀íŋ	ʃiŋtuŋ	hintuŋ
stomach	àlà	karbu	ʧàk	phriŋ	hiɲiŋ	hiliŋ
mouth	ʧàw	nəʧaw	so	ʨʨǒ	hoʧok	kʰoʧu
rain	ʧuuma	nimi	nʧʰù	ʧuʧuba	namu	namu

延伸阅读

Ismail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt. (2017) Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. Himalayan Linguistics 16(2). 26–63. Paper (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.2553234)
Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang (2018). Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009. (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537601)
Bodt, T. and J.-M. List (2019). Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa languages. Papers in Historical Phonology 4.1. 22–44. doi:10.2218/pihph.4.2019.3037 (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537604)
Bodt, Timotheus A.; List, Johann-Mattis. Reflex prediction: A case study of Western Kho-Bwa. Diachronica. 2021. doi:10.1075/dia.20009.bod .

参考资料

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
^ What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?
^ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
^ Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
^ Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033.
^ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.

George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Blench, Roger. 2011. (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence
Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[Anderson2014-2] Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

[3] What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?

[4] Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."

[Lieberherr-Bodt-5] Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).

[Tresoldi-6] Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033.

[Blench2015-7] Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.

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分类

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)

Tresoldi et al. (2022)

词汇

See also

延伸阅读

参考资料